D.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Recall that a function f: S → T is a one-to-one
function if for every x1 ≠ x2, f(x1) ≠ f(x2). Also, f is
an onto function if every element in T is an image of
an element in S.
If a function is both one-to-one and onto then it has an
inverse. It is easy to show that trigonometric functions
are not one-to-one, since they repeat themselves.
Therefore, if we want to define the inverse of a
trigonometric function, we must choose a suitable
smaller domain and range in which the function is
both one-to-one and onto. We use the prefix ‘arc’ to
name the inverse of a trigonometric function. For
arcsin x is the inverse of sin
x, arccos x is the inverse of
cos x, arctan x is the inverse
of tan x, arccot x is the
inverse of cot x, and so on.
Some books use sinx, cosx,
tanx, cotx or Asin x, Acos
x, Atan x, Acot x to show the
inverses of trigonometric
functions.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
HOMEWORK:
D. Trigonometric Theorems
Note:
By the law of cosines:
• If two sides of a triangle and the angle between them are
known, it is possible to find the length of the third side
• If the three sides of a triangle are known, it is possible to
calculate the trigonometric values of the angles.
EXAMPLE:
A triangle has side lengths a = 5 cm and b = 4 cm and angle
m(∠C) = 60°. Find the length of side c.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
HOMEWORK:
law of sines
If R is the radius of the circumscribed circle of a triangle
ABC with side lengths a, b and c, then
EXAMPLE:
In a triangle ABC, a = 5 cm, m(∠A) = 30° and m(∠C) = 105°.
Find the length of side b
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
HOMEWORK:
1
2
2. Formulas for the area of a triangle:
In a triangle ABC with sides a, b and c the following properties hold:
A (ΔABC)
A (ΔABC)
A (ΔABC)
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
The sides of a triangle ΔABC are a = 13 cm, b = 14 cm and
c = 15 cm. Find the radii r and R of the inscribed and
circumscribed circles of ΔABC.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
HOMEWORK
1. In the figure, AB = 6, AC = 3, BC = 4, CD = 8 and CE = 9. Find the length DE = x.
2. In the figure, AC = 4, m(∠A) = 120° and m(∠C) = 15°. Find the
length BC = a and the radius R of the circumscribed circle of ΔABC.
3. Two sides of a triangle are a = 4 cm and b = 6 cm. If m(∠C) = 45°,
find the area of ΔABC.
4. In the figure, ABCD is a square and E is the midpoint
of side BC. Find sin x.
E. TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS
Sometimes we can find the value of a trigonometric ratio by writing it as the sum or
difference of more familiar trigonometric ratios. The properties of a 30°-60°-90°
triangle and a 45°-45°-90° triangle give us the common ratios in the table at the right.
We can use these ratios with the following formulas.
1. cos 75º = ? 2. tan 105° = ?
HOMEWORK
3. Reduction Formulas
The trigonometric reduction formulas help us to ‘reduce’ a trigonometric ratio
to a ratio of an acute angle. If the acute angle is a common angle, this
technique helps us to find the ratio.
For example, imagine you need to find cot 300°. We can say that 300° = 270° +
30°
To derive the reduction formulas, first we need to know the signs of the
trigonometric functions in each quadrant:
1.
2. If we have π/2 or 3π/2 in the reduction formula, the formula changes sine to
cosine and tangent to cotangent. If we have π or 2π in the formula, the function
does not change.
3. Now we can combine these two pieces of information to get the reduction
formulas:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
4. Sum to Product Formulas
We can use the sum and difference formulas together to rewrite the sum
of two trigonometric ratios as a product of trigonometric ratios.
Calculate sin 75° + sin 15°.
5. Product to Sum Formulas
We can also use the sum and difference formulas to write the product of
two trigonometric ratios as a sum. These new formulas are called the
product to sum formulas.
EXAMPLE
Calculate cos 105º ⋅ cos 15°
HOMEWORK
