KESHAV
MAHAVIDYALAYA
(UNIVERSITY OF DELHI)
Physics Practical Experiment
Presentation
To study the variation of thermo-emf across two
junctions of a thermocouple with temperature.
JAY PRAKASH (1073)
UTKARSH KUMAR TIWARI(1044)
Apparatus Required
Rheostat
Galvanometer
Battery Eliminator Multimeter
Thermocouple
Potentiometer
From
Apparatus Required
2 Thermometers 2 Beakers
Bunsen
Burner
From
What is
potentiometer??
Theory : -
● Potentiometer Concept
At zero galvanometer deflection,
From
AskIITians
What is a
themocouple?
● Thermo-electric Effect (Seeback Effect)
“ The phenomenon of generation of electric
current in a thermocouple by maintaining a
thermal gradient (i.e.by keeping its two
junctions at different temperatures) is called
thermoelectric effect or Seeback effect. “
- A mean to convert heat to electric current
Note:
This formulae will be used
for verifying our result and
calculating error in
measured values : Neutral
From and Inversion Temperature
From
Procedure
After experimental setup,
1. Measure the potential drop and length across potentiometer
wire and Note it
2. Heat the hot junction upto 350 C and then let it cool
3. After every 10 minute, get the balance point for particular
temperature of hot and cold junction and note it
4. Repeat step 3 and plot the graph on that observations
From
Measure potentiometer wire
resistance and emf of battery.
Connect battery and external resistance i.e.
resistance box
Now ,CU wire and constantine wire
and jockey along with galvanmeter.
Place oil bath beaker and ice bath beaker
along with thermometers.
Select R and voltage and find
null point.
If null obtained note length of Ao i.e. A to C and C
to O.
OBSERVATIONS
Using meter scale,
Length of Potentiometer wire, L =
Required Graph
Using voltameter,
Voltage drop across Potentiometer, V =
Hence,
Potential gradient across potentiometer,
(V/L) =
Temperature of cold junction, Tc =
SNO Temperature of (TH-TC) Balance length EMF of
hot junction, TH (cm) thermocouple
... ... ... ... ...
From
Make observation table and fill values
obtained and plot graph.
Observations------------------------
Plot thermo-emf v/s temp of
hot jn.
Results and Conclusions
So, the variation of thermo-emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with
temperature can be studied from the graph obtained.
From plotted graph,
it also concludes that the emf from thermoelectric effect is the quadratic
function (as graph is parabolic) of temperature difference between hot and cold
junction as follows :-
From
EGyanKosh PDF
Precautions and Sources of Errors
● Wires may not be tighly connected
● There may be not proper temperature gradient
between hot and cold junction
● Only touch the potentiometer wire with jockey. Do not
place it on the wire for long time.
● The resistance of potentiometer wire may vary as
temperature may increase due to heat dissipation.
Hence inconsistent potential gradient.
A Quick Simulation of
the experiment ->
https://vla
b.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=351&cnt=4
Viva Questions :-
Q1 : What are the applications of Thermo-electric effect
(Seeback Effect) ?
As a Thermopile
As a Thermometer (Heat sensor) As any Peltier Device
Q2 : What is Peltier Effect ?
It is the reverse of Seeback effect. In this case, electrical
energy is utilised to remove heat from one terminal to
another terminal. It is like the case of Carnot engine when
carnot engine is modified(reversed) to build a refrigerator.
Q3 : What is Neutral and Inversion Temperature?
● The temperature difference with hot and cold junction at
which the thermo-emf is maximum is Neutral Temperature
● The temperature at which thermoemf starts inverting its
direction is called Inversion temperature
Bibliography and References
● Apparatus Images from Google Images
● B.Sc . Practical Physics by Geeta Sanon
● Content from ALL LAB EXPERIMENT.
● Experiment Simulation from
Amrita Simulation Lab
● Viva Q&A from YouTube
Thank you
