Assignment

M.Sc mathematics

UNIVERSITY O F EDUCATION L A H O R E
(Township)
What is interpoartion? & its different types polynomials Approximation?
Ans: Interporation is the technique if estimating the value of function for any intermediate value of the
independent variable, while the process of computing the value of function outside the given range is called
extrapolation.

Types of interpolation:
Some types of interpolation are given.

 Polynomial interpolation
 Trigonometric interpolation
 Spline interpolation

If interpolation function g  x polynomial then it is called “Polynomial interpolation” . If g  x is

finite Trigonometric sedis . This process called “Trigonometric interpolatin”.

Spline interpolation use low degree polynomials in each of the interval and chose the polynomial piece such
that the fit smoothly together , the resulting function is called “ Spline interpolation”.

Methods

Interpolation method
Inverse interpolating method.

For equal interval For unequal interval For unequal interval

Lagrange’s inverse
1. Newton’s forward  Newton’s divided
interpolation formula interpolation foumula.
difference formula.
2. Newton’s backward  Lagrange’s formula.
interpolation formula
3. Gauss’s forward
interpolation formula
4. Gauss’s backward
interpolation formula
5. Stirlings formula
6. Bessel’s formula
Interpolation with equal interval.

x : x0 , x1, x2 , x3 ,....xn
y : y0 , y1, y2 , y3 ,...yn

Gorgory –Newton’s Forward interpolation for equal interval

Forward Differences :
The differences y1  y0 , y2  y1, y3  y2 ......yn  yn1 when denoted by dy0 , dy1, dy2......dyn1

Are respectively , called the first forward differences thus the first forward differences are:

yr  yr 1  yr

Value one which we find the

function check either it is near
to starts, Then newton’s
forward interpolation

Forward difference table

x y y 2
y 3
y 4
y

x0 y0 y0
2
y
x1   x  h
0
y1
y 0 3
y
1 0
2 4
y y
x2   x  2h
0
y2
y 1 3
y 0

2 1
2
y
x3   x  3h
0
y3
y 2

x4   x  4h
0
y4
Newton’s GREGORY BACKWARD Interpolation :
Backward Difference :
The differences y1  y0 , y2  y1, y3  y2 ......yn  yn1 when denoted by dy0 , dy1, dy2 ......dyn

Respectively , are called first backward differences . the first backward differences are

yr  yr  yr 1

Value one which we find the

function check either it is near
to End, Then newton’s
backward interpolation .

Backward Difference Table:

x y y 2
y 3
y 4
y

x0 y0
y
1 2
y
x1   x  h
0
y1
y
2 3
y
2
3
2 4
y y
x2   x  2h
0
y2
y 3 3
y4
4

3 2
y
x3   x  3h
0
y3 y4 4

x4   x  4h
0
y4

Stirling ( Centeral ) interpolation:

Stirling approximation or stirling formula is an interpolation technique

Which is used to obtain the value of a function at an intermediate point within the range of a discrete set of known data
points.

If the step size of each two points is same is called equal interval i.e,

h  xi  xi1 where h is step size.

Unequal interval :
If the step size of each two point is not same , is called unequal intervals . i.e,

h1  x1  x0 , h2  x2  x1,...... if hi  xi  xi1  hi  hj ,i  j

Then it is called unequal interval.

Value one which we find the

function check either it is near
to center , Then stirling’s
interpolation .

Center difference table:

x y y 2
y 3
y 4
y

x2  x0  2h y2 y2
2
y
x1   x  h
0
y1 y1 2 3
y
2

2 4
y y
x0  x0 y0 1 3 2
y y
1
1
2
y1 y
x1   x  h
0 y2 0

x2  x0  2h y2