FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
OF THE EYE
RIZNI FITRIANA
Physiology
Palpebra and
Extraoccular Bulbus of Vision
Orbita Apparatus
Muscles Occuli and Pupil
Lacrimalis
Reflex
Orbita
■ The orbits are a pair of bony cavities that contains:
– Bulbus Occuli
– Extraoccular muscles
– Nerves, vessels, and fat
– Apparatus lacrimalis
Palpebra
■ Palpebrae offer protection from
excessive light or injury, and maintain
lubrication by distributing tears over the
surface of the eyeball.
■ Palpebrae consists of five main layers
(superficial to deep):
– Skin and subcutaneous tissue
– Orbicularis oculi
– Tarsus (and glandula meibom)
– Levator palpebra
– Conjunctiva Palpebra
Apparatus Lacrimalis
■ Secrete lacrimal fluid, a watery
physiological saline containing the
bacteriocidal enzyme lysozyme.
■ Production of lacrimal fluid is stimulated
by parasympathetic impulses from CN
VII
■ Consist of:
– Glandula Lacrimalis
– Ductus lacrimalis/ Canaliculi
lacrimalis
– Ductus nasolacrimalis
Extraocular Muscles
■ Actions of extraocular muscles
Innervation of external muscles
■ Occulomotor (CN III) Levator palpebra superior, rectus superior, rectus medialis,
rectus inferior, obliqus inferior
■ Trochlear (CN IV) Obliqus superior
■ Abducent (CN VI) Rectus Lateralis
■ The nerves enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.
Bulbus Occuli
■ Divided into three layers:
– Fibrous layer (outer coat),
consisting of the sclera and
cornea.
– Vascular layer (middle coat),
consisting of the choroid, ciliary
body, and iris.
– Inner layer (inner coat),
consisting of the retina that has
both optic and non-visual parts.
Fibrous Layer
■ Sclera: ■ Cornea:
– tough opaque part of the fibrous – transparent part of the fibrous
layer (coat) of the eyeball coat covering the anterior one
covering the posterior five sixths sixth of the eyeball.
of the eyeball. – As a refractive media
– providing shape and resistance
as well as attachment for both
the extrinsic (extraocular) and
the intrinsic muscles of the eye.
Vascular Layer (Uvea)
■ Choroid
– The choroid layer contains blood vessels
and a dark blue pigment (derived from
melanin) that absorbs light within the
eyeball and thereby prevents glare.
■ Cilliary body
– a circular smooth muscle that surrounds
the edge of the lens and is connected to the
lens by ligamentum suspensorium.
■ Iris
– the colored part of the eye; its pigment is a
form of melanin.
– Contains of radial fibers (dilatation of
pupil) and circular fibers (constriction of
pupil).
Inner Layer (Retina)
■ Optic part ■ Discus opticus
– Neural layer (Rods) ■ commonly called the blind spot.
– Pigment cell layer (Cones) – Sensory fibers
■ Non-visual part – Blood vessels
– anterior continuation of the – Nervus opticus
pigment cell layer and a layer of
supporting cells over the ciliary
body and the posterior surface
of the iris.
■ Microscopic structure of the retina in
the area of the optic disc.
Refractive Media
Aqueous Vitreous
Cornea Lens
humor humor
Cornea
■ largely responsible for refraction of
the light that enters the eye.
■ Innervation: CN V1 (nervus
opthalmica)
■ Avascular; nutrition from the
capillary beds at its periphery, the
aqueous humor, and lacrimal fluid.
Aqueous Humor
■ Produced by processus ciliaris camera oculi anterior camera oculi
posterior Trabecular meshwork Canalis Schlemm vena episceral
Lens
■ transparent, biconvex structure
enclosed in a capsule.
■ anchored by the zonula zinii
(suspensory ligament of the lens)
to the ciliary body and encircled
by the ciliary processes.
Vitreous humor
■ vitreous humor is a watery fluid
enclosed in the meshes of the vitreous
body, a transparent jelly-like
substance.
■ Functions:
– to transmitting light
– to hold retina in place
– supports the lens
■ Errors of refraction
compared with refraction in
normal eye.
Nerves of the Orbit
■ CN II
■ CN III
■ CN IV
■ CN VI
Vascularization
■ The blood supply of the orbit
is mainly from:
– the ophthalmic artery, a
branch of the internal
carotid artery;
– the infraorbital artery,
from the external carotid
artery
■ Drainage by ophthalmic vein
(superior and inferior)
Mechanism of Vision
■ Refraction
■ Stimulate chemical reactions in the
rods and cones.
■ The impulses from the rods and
cones are transmitted to ganglion
neurons nervus opticus
■ The optic nerves from both eyes
come together at the optic chiasma.
■ Occipital lobes
Mechanism of Pupillary Light Reflex
■ Direct pupillary reflex
■ Consensual pupillary reflex
References
■ Standring S, Gray H. Gray's anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 2008.
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
■ Snell, R.S. Clinical anatomy by regions. 2012. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
■ Netter FH, Machado CAG, Hansen JT, Benninger B, Brueckner JK, Hoagland TM, et
all. Atlas of human anatomy. 2018.
■ Scanlon VC, Sanders T. Essentials of anatomy and physiology. 2015.
■ Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinically oriented anatomy. 2006. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
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