CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS AND
METHOD OF TESTING

Engr. Nald Ruzle Esmeralda

RCE, RMP, ME-1, SO2, FA
 Nald Ruzle D. Esmeralda,
CE, RMP, ME-1, SO2, FA

Part Time SCEGE Faculty, Mapua University, September 2020

B.S. Civil Engineering, Mapua University, May 2018
Registered Civil Engineer, November 2018
Accredited Materials Engineer 1 (DPWH), September 2019
Registered Master Plumber, February 2020
Accredited Safety Officer 2, November 2020
High School Valedictorian
Former Quantity Surveyor, Whiteport, INC.
Financial Advisor, AIA Philam Life
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION?
 It is the techniques and industry involved in the
assembly and erection of structures, primarily those
used to provide shelter.
 Construction is an ancient human activity. It began
with the purely functional need for a
controlled environment to moderate the effects
of climate.
WHAT BUILDING MATERIALS ARE
USED IN CONSTRUCTION?
Concrete: Concrete is a composite material made from
mixing cement, aggregates such as sand and crushed
stone and water.
Steel: Steel is one of the strongest building materials
available with excellent strength capacity in both
tension and compression.
Wood: Wood has been used as a construction material
for thousands of years and if properly maintained can
last for hundred of years.
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
Fresh concrete can be poured into form works to take
any shape or form and takes time to harden into a
stone-like material.
It takes up to 7 days for concrete to reach the majority
of its strength and will need special attention to curing
to avoid cracking or reduction in capacity. 
 REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN
Concrete is very strong
when exposed to
compression stresses
however, it’s brittle and has
limited tensile strength.
Combined with steel rebar,
reinforced concrete is
stronger and more suitable
for a wide range of
structures such as tall multi-
story buildings, bridges,
roads, tunnels and so many
other applications.
STEEL
It is one of the strongest
building materials
available with excellent
strength capacity in both
tension and compression.
Because of its high
strength-to-weight ratio, it
is ideal for structural
framework of tall
buildings and large
industrial facilities.
STEEL
Structural steel is available in standard shapes such are
angles, I beams and C-channels. These shapes can be
welded together or connected using high-strength bolts to
build structures capable of resisting large forces and
deformations.
Steel is a relatively expensive building material so it is the
structural engineer’s responsibility to choose economic
sizes and shapes according to the actual loads on the
building to avoid overdesign.
The installation of steel is less time consuming compared to
concrete and can be installed in any type of environment.
WOOD
Wood has been used as a
construction material for
thousands of years.
It is a readily available and
economically feasible natural
resource with a light weight and
highly machinable properties.
It also provides good insulation
from the cold which makes it an
excellent building material for
homes and residential buildings.
 MASONRY
Masonry construction is using
individual units to build structures
that are usually uses mortar to
bound the units together.
The most common material use in
the design of masonry structures
is concrete block, with vertical
steel reinforcing if required.
Masonry is strong in resisting
compression loads/stresses which
makes it ideal to use for the
construction of load bearing walls.
 TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON
VARIATION IN MATERIALS AND PURPOSE
1. Lime Concrete
 Lime concrete uses Lime as the
binding material.
 Lime is usually mixed with
surki and khoa or stones in the
proportion 1:2:5 unless
otherwise specified.
 The khoa or stones are soaked
in water before mixing.
 Lime concrete is used mainly in
foundation and terrace roofing.
 TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON
VARIATION IN MATERIALS AND PURPOSE
2. Cement Concrete
 Most engineering construction uses
cement concrete composites as the
main building material.
 It consists of cement, sand, brick chips
or stone chips of the required size.
 The usual proportion is 1:2:4 or 1:3:6. 
 After mixing the required amounts of
materials, the concrete mix is cured
with water for 28 days for proper
strength building.
 TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON
VARIATION IN MATERIALS AND PURPOSE
3. Reinforced Cement Concrete
 For enhancing the tensile strength
of concrete, steel reinforcements
are added.
 Sometimes, RCC is prestressed
under compression to eliminate or
reduce tensile stresses. The
resulting concrete is known as
Prestressed Concrete.
 TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON
COUNTING ON THE WORK BEING DONE
1. Dry Ready Mix
 This is the combination that may be
found at the most home improvement
and hardware stores.
 It comes in baggage typically starting
from sixty to eighty pounds.
 Dry ready mix is simple to combine and
this is often the combination that almost
all homemade comes would require.
 The tools needed for the mixture are a
bucket or cart, shovel or hoe, trowel
and a measured quantity of water.
TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON
COUNTING ON THE WORK BEING DONE
2. Ready Mix
 This concrete comes pre-mixed
and is for larger homemade comes
or for people who do not need to
combine their own concrete.
 It is typically brought in an
exceedingly little trailer, typically
with an intermixture drum
connected to stay it dampish and
mixed.
 The ready combine is usually
costlier and might be troublesome
to search out.
TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON
COUNTING ON THE WORK BEING DONE
3. Bulk Dry Materials
 It is price effective to purchase
dry materials in bulk.
 The drawback of shopping for
in bulk is that there will be
much space for the materials
to be kept before getting used.
 The materials will over
probably be delivered to the
positioning.
TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON
COUNTING ON THE WORK BEING DONE
4. Transit Mix
 This is the mix that almost
all cast-in-place concrete
comes can use.
 It is typically trucked in
using concrete trucks that
have the massive drum that
keeps the concrete from
setting up whereas in transit.
 It permits for one continuous
pour so fewer seams and
stronger concrete overall.
TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON CHANGING
THE PROPORTIONS OF INGREDIENTS USED
Regular Concrete
High-strength Concrete
Stamped Concrete
High-Performance Concrete
Self-consolidating Concretes
Vacuum Concrete
Shotcrete
Roller-Compacted concrete
Glass Concrete
Asphalt Concrete
Rapid Strength Concrete
Polymer Concrete
Limecrete
Light-Transmitting Concrete
COMPOSITION OF BASIC CONCRETE MIX
There are four basic ingredients within the concrete mix:
Binding materials like cement or lime

Aggregates or Inert Materials

Fine aggregate (sand)
Coarse aggregate (stone chips, brick chips)

Water

Admixture (e.g. Pozzolana)
BINDING MATERIALS
Binding material is the main element of a concrete
mix.
Cement is the most commonly used binding material.
Lime could also be used. When water is mixed with
the cement, a paste is created that coats the aggregates
within the mix. The paste hardens, binds the
aggregates and form a stone-like substance.
MORTAR
Mortar is a building material composed of cement,
which is mixed with fine sands and water.
It is the "glue" that holds together bricks, concrete
block, stone, and other masonry materials.
AGGREGATES
Minerals obtained from natural sources or produced
artificially and may be crushed or uncrushed stone,
gravel, sand, blast furnace, slag
Used in the production of concrete for normal
structural purposes
 WATER
Water is required to with
chemicals react with the cement
(hydration) and to supply
workability with the concrete.
The number of water within the
combine in pounds compared with
the number of cement is named the
water/cement quantitative relation.
The lower the w/c quantitative
relation, the stronger the concrete.
(Higher strength, less permeability)
ANNOUNCEMENTS
ONLINE HOMEWORK 1: INTRODUCTION TO
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (MARCH 12,
FRIDAY)

FINENESS AND CONSISTENCY OF PORTLAND

CEMENT (MARCH 5, FRIDAY)

LABORATORY REPORT 1: FINENESS AND

CONSISTENCY OF PORTLAND CEMENT
(MARCH 12, FRIDAY)