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EG2200 Power Generation Operation and Planning - L5: Lennart Söder Professor in Electric Power Systems

The document discusses key challenges in maintaining the balance between electricity production and consumption in a power system. It provides examples comparing a power system to riding a bicycle. It explains that production and consumption must be balanced at all times as electricity cannot be stored. It outlines different timescales over which various control mechanisms operate to maintain the balance, from inertia and primary control responding within seconds and minutes, to longer-term planning over weeks and years. It also discusses specific examples of how hydro power can contribute to inertia and primary control reserves but also presents challenges in maintaining these reserves.

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Mansoor Ali p177508
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65 views14 pages

EG2200 Power Generation Operation and Planning - L5: Lennart Söder Professor in Electric Power Systems

The document discusses key challenges in maintaining the balance between electricity production and consumption in a power system. It provides examples comparing a power system to riding a bicycle. It explains that production and consumption must be balanced at all times as electricity cannot be stored. It outlines different timescales over which various control mechanisms operate to maintain the balance, from inertia and primary control responding within seconds and minutes, to longer-term planning over weeks and years. It also discusses specific examples of how hydro power can contribute to inertia and primary control reserves but also presents challenges in maintaining these reserves.

Uploaded by

Mansoor Ali p177508
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EG2200 Power Generation

Operation and Planning - L5


Lennart Söder
Professor in Electric Power Systems
Aim of a power system

1. The consumers should get the requested power (e.g. a 60


W bulb), when they push the on-button. This should work
no matter outages in power stations, it is windy etc = keep
a balance between total production and total
consumption.
2. The consumers should get an acceptable voltage, e.g.
230 V, in the outlet.
3. Point 1-2 should be kept with a realistic reliability. This is
never 100,000... percent,
4. Point 1-3 should be kept in an economic and sustainable
way.
Power system challenge

Keep the balance:


• Production = consumption
• Electricity cannot be stored!
• Exactly when a bulb is lighned
some generator will deliver the power
• Exactly when a power plant is stopped, the
corresponding power will be delivered from
another plant instead.
Keep the balance in a power system
The power system = a long bike
Keep active power balance
Bike Power System
• Pedal forces = • Total generation =
breaking forces total load
• Otherwise changed • Otherwise changed
speed electric frequency
• Break bike => lower • Increase load =>
speed lower frequency
Speed control

Bike
• Keep a constant
speed
• Measure the speed
(same on the whole
bike)
• Reduced speed=>
increase the force on
the pedals.
Frequency control
Bike Power System
• Keep constant speed • Keep constant
• Measure speed frequency
(same on whole • Measure frequency
bike) (same in whole system)
• Decreased speed => • Decreased frequency
increase pedal force => increase generation
Keep the balance in a power system
Real initial phase of a power system outage

Time steps:
A. Disconnection of Swedish 1050 MW nuclear station
B. Primary control starts
C. Primary control has increased with 1050 MW
Frequency drop after 3 real outages in Sweden

 
 
  Outage New unit
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Keep the balance in the power system

Different time steps: Security Technology


1. Inertia (seconds)
2. Primary control (minutes)
3. Secondary control(quarter)
4. Tertiery control (quarter)
5. Intra-day-trade (hours)
6. Day-ahead-trade (day)
7. Weekly planning (week)
8. Yearly planning (year) Uncertianty Economy
1. Inertia:
For hydro power

Contribution:
• Hydro power stations (larger) use synchronous machines
which are directly connected to the grid. This means an
important contribution to the needed inertia.
Challenges:
• More slimmed constructions may reduce the inertia
contribution.
• A challenge in power systems with, e.g. large amounts of solar
power, wind power or HVDC infeed, which do not contribute
with inertia.
2. Primary control:
For hydro power Efficiency:
Depends on discharge
and head height

Contribution:
• Primary control means that one has to change the production fast
(within seconds). Both increase and decrease is needed. This
means that one has to keep margins. Hydro power is a very good
resource for this and the main one in the Nordic system.
Challenges:
• At filled reservoirs there is a need to discharge as much as
possible and not keep margins.
• During night Saturday-Sunday in June (Sweden) and high nuclear
production, not so much hydro is needed, but still the reserve.

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