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Lectuer 4

Fuel additives are substances added to gasoline or other fuels to enhance properties or provide additional properties. There are several types of fuel additives that serve different purposes like improving combustion, preventing corrosion and deposits, stabilizing fuels, and enhancing low-temperature performance. Important fuel additives include gasoline stabilizers, fuel line antifreeze, octane boosters, fuel injector cleaners, upper cylinder lubricants, anti-gelling additives, antioxidants, cold flow improvers, conductivity improvers, metal deactivators, thermal stability enhancers, combustion improvers, and odor reducers. The benefits of fuel additives include enhanced safety through reduced risk of static discharge fires/explosions and cost savings from protection

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Shakeel Mohmand
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36 views15 pages

Lectuer 4

Fuel additives are substances added to gasoline or other fuels to enhance properties or provide additional properties. There are several types of fuel additives that serve different purposes like improving combustion, preventing corrosion and deposits, stabilizing fuels, and enhancing low-temperature performance. Important fuel additives include gasoline stabilizers, fuel line antifreeze, octane boosters, fuel injector cleaners, upper cylinder lubricants, anti-gelling additives, antioxidants, cold flow improvers, conductivity improvers, metal deactivators, thermal stability enhancers, combustion improvers, and odor reducers. The benefits of fuel additives include enhanced safety through reduced risk of static discharge fires/explosions and cost savings from protection

Uploaded by

Shakeel Mohmand
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FUEL ADDITIVES

Fuel-additives are a class of performance modifiers


that are added to gasoline to enhance certain
properties and/or to provide additional properties not
present in thegasoline. Fuel additives are used as
combustion modifiers, antioxidants, corrosion
inhibitors and deposit control detergents.
Types of additives
acetone.
ether.
nitrous oxide (nitrous)
nitromethane (nitro)
butyl rubber.
ferox.
oxyhydrogen.
ferrous picrate
Importance of Fuel Additives
Gasoline Stabilizers
Loss of a gasoline’s volatility isn’t a factor in normal driving, but it
becomes a major problem when starting seasonal-use vehicles like boats,
motor homes, lawn care equipment and electric generators. Using a
gasoline stabilizer basically reduces hard-starting caused by the tendency
of the more gaseous components of gasoline to evaporate into the
atmosphere.
Fuel-Line Antifreeze
water condensation normally found in gasoline storage tanks and in
automobile fuel tanks often caused the fuel line to freeze during cold
weather. The historic remedy is to add various alcohol-based fuel line
antifreezes that will mix with the water to prevent fuel line freeze-up. On
another level, water dispersant fuel line anti-freezes will actually absorb
and transport water from the gasoline through the engine, where it is
vaporized into the exhaust stream. Although modern ethanol fuels
perform the same function.
Octane Boosters
Ethyl lead was used in gasoline for many years to increase the
gasoline’s octane rating and lubricate engine valve seats. Octane
booster additives became popular for increasing the octane rating of
gasoline used in the high-compression engines of the day. In most
cases, a valve seat lubricant is included in an octane booster to reduce
wear on antique and collector car engines equipped with cast-iron
valve seats.
Fuel Injector Cleaners
The symptoms of clogged fuel injectors are hard-starting, poor cold-
engine performance and sluggish acceleration. These symptoms are
caused by carbon deposits clogging the fuel injector nozzles. Most
lower-priced fuel injector cleaners are designed as preventive
maintenance additives while the higher-priced cleaners are designed
to also remove heavy carbon deposits from cylinder heads, valves and
pistons. Any of these additives generally perform well when used as
directed.
Upper Cylinder Lubricants
Varnish deposits and low-speed driving, early L-head or “flat
head” gasoline engines often had problems with engine valves
sticking in their valve guides. Light-viscosity, high-detergent
upper cylinder oils were designed to be added to the fuel tank to
help clean and lubricate sticking valves. Nowadays, sticking
valves are rare and usually caused by insufficient oil clearance in
the valve guide assembly. Nevertheless, many modern gasoline
additives contain some type of upper cylinder lubricant to
lubricate valve guides, seats and piston rings.
Anti-Gelling Additives
Anti-gelling additives are added to the fuel tank to liquify the
solidified paraffin wax or “gel” that forms in the fuel and clogs
diesel fuel filters during sub-freezing temperatures. While
modern diesels use heated fuel lines and filters to prevent
gelling, anti-gelling additives might be required to improve cold-
starting performance during extreme winter temperatures.
Terminal and Cargo Fuel Additives
Terminal and cargo additives include:
 antioxidants
cold-flow
conductivity improvers
metal deactivators
Antioxidant
The presence of highly olefinic cracked components can lead to
short induction periods, darkening and gum formation.
 Antioxidants can improve the stability of these fuels and increase
the blending options for the refiner.

We offer two different types of antioxidant chemistry, phenylene


diamines and alkylated phenols which can be used for both gasoline
and jet fuel applications. Our customized solutions are developed
based upon olefin content, storage conditions and fuel applications
to deliver improved performance to: 

Improve storage stability


Retard gum formation
Increase refiner blending options
Cold-Flow Improver
You need a cost effective way to reduce the growth of wax crystals in your
diesel, biodiesel and heating fuels to increase the yield and avoid plugging
fuel filters. 

CFI additives were developed to protect against engine failure while


providing blending and operational flexibility. These additives also improve
the low-temperature handling properties of biofuels, petroleum fuels,
residual oil and crude oils, positively affecting your refinery’s gross margins.
Low temperature performance of middle distillates can be defined by these
key properties: 

Cloud Point: The temperature at which wax crystals are first visible;
nucleation of wax crystals.
Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP): An indication of vehicle low
temperature operability. At temperatures close to the cloud point, fuel
system filters in vehicles become blocked.
 
When slow dissipation is an issue or low sulfur fuels are transported
through distribution systems (like pipelines), the risk of fire or
explosion hazard caused by static build-up and electro-static ignition
increases. As fuels have become cleaner over the years, lower sulfur
levels have increased these risks. The process used to remove polar
compounds from low sulfur fuels reduces the ability of the fuel to
dissipate a static charge.
Conductivity Improvers include a non-metallic range of Static
Dissipator Additives (SDAs). At low concentrations (typically 0.5 to 2
mg/l), SDAs increase the electrical conductivity of middle distillates,
reducing the risk of accidents.
Static Dissipator offers:
Low treat rates and low total cost of ownership
Extensive laboratory testing for "No Harm & Compatibility" with
other additives used in the fuel
Local storage, testing and distribution for reduced lead times and
quick delivery 
Metal Deactivater
One or more undesirable fuel reactions, such as a darkening of
color, gum formation or sedimentation? You could be at risk of fuel
degradation. 

Deactivator is a proven, highly-effective solution for eliminating the


catalytic effect trace dissolved concentrations of copper, vanadium
and iron can have on fuel degradation. It works by chelating
dissolved trace metals to reduce the catalytic process at its source.
After assessing the level and nature of metal contamination present
in your fuel, we will prescribe a customized solution using our Metal
Deactivator combined with a blend of antioxidants and a dosage
rate developed specifically to meet your needs. 
Heating Fuel Additives
Thermal Stability Enhancer
additives to enhance thermal stability of fuels at
elevated temperature, and which can be accelerated by
contact between heating fuel and metallic pipe work,
are encountered in heating appliances. Enhance
thermal stability ensures minimal fuel degradation
prior to combustion, with optimum performance from
the heating appliances.
Combustion Improver
Combustion improver employed in heating fuels include
both ashless and metal containing additives. Ashlless
combustion improver additives typically employee
nitrogen functionality on fuel soluble hydrogen
molecules, while metal containing additives are fully
fuel soluble organometallic molecules.
Reodourant Additives
Additives used to reduce the odour of heating oil are
typically pinenes derived by turpentine distillation, or
may be essential oils and extracts from fuels, hurbs or
species.
Fuel Additives User Benefits
the range of benefits to the user occuring from fuel
additives is very significant and include:
Enhance safety
Greatly reduced risk of static discharge, which can cuase
fire and explosions
Cost saving
1. Protection of fuel tanks, pipelines and other
equipments from expensive corrosion
2. reducing wear in moving parts
END

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