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IC Engine Process Analysis, Lecture 04, IC Engine (Week 08)

1. The document discusses air standard cycles which are idealized thermodynamic cycles that model internal combustion engines. The cycles make simplifying assumptions such as treating the working fluid as a perfect gas. 2. The Otto cycle, which models gasoline engines, involves isentropic compression, constant volume heating, isentropic expansion, and constant volume cooling. Thermal efficiency and heat balance calculations provide insights into how effectively the engine converts chemical energy to mechanical work. 3. Brake specific fuel consumption indicates the fuel efficiency of an engine, measured in units of fuel consumed per unit of brake power. Exhaust smoke and other emissions are undesirable and efforts are made to reduce them through efficient engine operation and maintenance.

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Shakeel Mohmand
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41 views14 pages

IC Engine Process Analysis, Lecture 04, IC Engine (Week 08)

1. The document discusses air standard cycles which are idealized thermodynamic cycles that model internal combustion engines. The cycles make simplifying assumptions such as treating the working fluid as a perfect gas. 2. The Otto cycle, which models gasoline engines, involves isentropic compression, constant volume heating, isentropic expansion, and constant volume cooling. Thermal efficiency and heat balance calculations provide insights into how effectively the engine converts chemical energy to mechanical work. 3. Brake specific fuel consumption indicates the fuel efficiency of an engine, measured in units of fuel consumed per unit of brake power. Exhaust smoke and other emissions are undesirable and efforts are made to reduce them through efficient engine operation and maintenance.

Uploaded by

Shakeel Mohmand
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IC ENGINE PROCESS

ANALYSIS
In this unit we are to discuss the meaning of standard
cycle, heat supplied at constant
volume and heat supplied at constant pressure. An
internal combustion engine can be
classified into three different cycles and they are Otto
cycle, Diesel cycle and Dualcombustion cycle.
Air Standard Cycles
The air standard cycle is a cycle followed by a heat engine
which uses air as the working medium. Since the air standard
analysis is the simplest and most idealistic, such cycles are
also called ideal cycles and the engine running on such cycles
are called ideal engines.

In order that the analysis is made as simple as possible,


certain assumptions have to be made.
These assumptions result in an analysis that is far from
correct for most actual combustion engine processes, but the
analysis is of considerable value for indicating
the upper limit of performance. The analysis is also a simple
means for indicating the relative effects of principal
variables of the cycle and the relative size of the apparatus.
Assumptions
1. The working medium is a perfect gas with constant specific
heats and molecular weight corresponding to values at room
temperature.
2. No chemical reactions occur during the cycle. The heat addition
and heat rejection processes are merely heat transfer processes.
3. The processes are reversible.
4. Losses by heat transfer from the apparatus to the atmosphere
are assumed to be zero in this analysis.
5. The working medium at the end of the process (cycle) is
unchanged and is at the same condition as at the beginning of
the process (cycle).
Compression ratio
To give direct comparison with an actual engine the
ratio of specific volume, v1 / v2, is
taken to be the same as the compression ratio of the
actual engine,
Solved Problem
An Otto cycle in a petrol engine with a cylinder bore of
55mm, a stroke of 80mm, and a clearance volume of 23.3
cm3 is given. Find the compression ratio of this engine.
Working Problem
Q1: A petrol engine with a cylinder bore of 73 mm, a stroke of 95 mm,
and a clearance volume of 26.3 cm3 is given. Find the compression
ratio of this engine. (Ans= 16.12)
Q2: An air engine is operated with cylinder bore 65 mm with the stroke
of 73 mm. The clearance volume for this engine is 1/10 of swept volume.
Calculate the compression ratio for this air engine. (Ans = 11)
Q3: Given compression ratio for a petrol engine is 10.5.The cylinder bore
and stroke length for this engine are 69 mm and 83 mm. Calculate the
clearance volume for this engine. (Ans = 22.66 cm3).
Q4: An otto cycle engine with compression ratio 9.5 operating with
clearrance volume 23.45 cm 3. The stroke length for this engine is 83
mm, find the cylinder bore for this engine. (5.53 cm)
Otto Cycle Analysis
Otto Cycle Process:
1 to 2 is isentropic compression with
compression ratio v1 / v2, or rv .
2 to 3 is reversible constant volume heating,
the heat supplied Q1
3 to 4 is isentropic expansion, v4 /v3 is
similar to v 1 /v2.
4 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling,
the heat rejected Q2
Thermal Efficiency and Heat Balance
Thermal efficiency of an engine is defined as the ratio of
the output to that of
the chemical energy input in the form of fuel supply.
It may be based on brake or indicated output. It is the true
indication of the efficiency with which the chemical
energy of fuel (input) is converted into mechanical work.
 Thermal efficiency also accounts for combustion
efficiency, i.e., for the fact that whole of the chemical
energy of the fuel is not converted into heat energy during
combustion.
The energy input to the engine goes out in various forms
– a part is in the form of brake output, a part into
exhaust, and the rest is taken by cooling water and the
lubricating oil.
The break-up of the total energy input into these
different parts is called the heat balance. The main
components in a heat balance are brake output, coolant
losses, heat going to exhaust, radiation and other losses.
Preparation of heat balance sheet gives us an idea about
the amount of energy wasted in various parts and allows
us to think of methods to reduce the losses so incurred.
Brake specific fuel consumption
It is defined as the amount of fuel consumed for each unit of brake
power per hour; it indicates the efficiency with which the engine
develops the power from fuel. It is used to compare performance of
different engines.
The amount of fuel which an engine consumes is rated by its brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC).
 For most internal combustion engines the BSFC will be in the
range of 0.5 to 0.6.
The fuel efficiency will tend to peak at higher engine speeds. The
BSFC tends to be the same for similar engines.
The estimate of brake specific fuel consumption for two-stroke
engines ranges
from 0.55 to as high as 0.8 pounds of fuel per horsepower per hour.
Exhaust Smoke and Other emission
Smoke and other emission are undesirable for public
environment
 Because of global warming and emphasis on air pollution all
possible things are tried to keep them low.
Smoke is an indication of incomplete combustion. It limits the
output of an engine if air pollution control is the consideration.
Here are some tips of what you can adopt as air pollution
solutions:
Air conditioning systems and electrical gadgets within the
vehicle (e.g. sound system, mobile tv systems) also take up
energy. So if they are not in use, turn them off.
 Keep your car in efficient working condition.
 check the pressure of your car tires regularly.
 Get rid of excess load in your car
END

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