Limit state method of design

Design of reinforced cement concrete

• Design of R.C.C structure involves

consideration of the forces acting on the
structure and the effects produced by them
and arriving at a suitable
profile(shape),dimensions and calculation of
reinforcement needed and its suitable
arrangement .
• In our country, Design of R.C.C structures are
based on guidelines provided in IS456 :2000
 Basic definitions
Reinforced concrete: A concrete section with
Steel bars provided .These bars are provided at a certain
distance away from the edge to avoid corrosion in
steel .
Singly reinforced section: A reinforced concrete section
with steel reinforcement provided in tension zone only.
Doubly reinforced section: A reinforced concrete
section with steel reinforcement provided in both
tension and compression zones of the section.
cl
Singly and doubly reinforced sections
 Basic definitions
• Overall depth,D : It is the total depth of the
section
• Effective depth, d:It is defined as the distance
from the most compressive edge of the section
to the centre or centre of gravity of the tensile
reinforcement .
• Effective cover, cl: It is the distance from the
soffit of the section till the centre of tensile
reinforcement.
 Basic definitions
• Clear cover,c :It is the distance from edge of
the section till the exterior edge of
reinforcement.
• Relation between D,d,c ,cl
D= d+cl
d= D-c- φ/2,where φ is the diameter of
reinforcement used.
 Basic definitions
• Neutral axis , N.A: The projection of neutral layer onto the cross
section of beam. It is the line which divides the section into
compression and tension zones.
• Neutral axis depth, Xu:The distance of the neutral axis from the
most compressed edge of the beam.
• Tension and compression zones: for simply supported beam the
portion of the section coming above the N.A and for a cantilever the
portion of the section coming below the N.A will be in compression
and for simply supported beam the portion of the section coming
below the N.A and for a cantilever the portion of the section coming
above the N.A will be in tension. Portions in compression are called
compression zone and portions in tension are called tension zone.
LIMIT STATE METHOD
 Limit State Method
• Limit state concept
• The aim of this method is that the structure
should be able to withstand safely all the load
that are liable to act on it throughout its life and
it should also satisfy the serviceability
requirements of limiting deflection and cracking.
•  Limit state is defined as the acceptable limit of
safety and serviceability requirements before
failure.
• The most important limit states which are
considered in design as are follows:
• (i)  Limit state of collapse.
• (ii)  Limit state of serviceability
 Limit State of Collapse

• Limit State of Collapse

• This limit state is also called as strength limit state as it
corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity i.e., the
safety requirements of the structure.
• The limit state of collapse is assessed from collapse of the
whole or part of the structure.
• As per this limit state, the resistance to bending, shear, torsion
and axial loads at every section shall not be less than that
produced by the most unfavorable combination of loads on
that structure.
• The following limit states of collapse are considered in design:
 Limit State of Collapse
• (i)        Limit state of collapse in flexure
(bending)
• (ii)       Limit state of collapse in compression
• (iii)     Limit state of collapse in shear
• (iv)      Limit state of collapse in torsion.
  

 Limit State of Serviceability

A structure  is of no use if it is not serviceable.
Thus, this limit state is introduced to prevent
excessive deflection and cracking.
It ensure the satisfactory performance of the
structure at working loads.
 Limit state of serviceability
• It is estimated on the basis of elastic theory or
working stress method because deformation is
of significance under working load and not at
collapse. Limit state of serviceability of
following limit states:
(i)        Limit state of deflection
(ii)       Limit state of cracking
(iii)     Limit state of vibration
 LIMIT STATE METHOD
• The structure should be designed which considering all the
appropriate limit state of safety and serviceability and on the
basis of most critical limit state and then checked for all
other limit states.
• Usually all limit states ,will not be checked for every
design,but the relevant ones are checked and the design is
• Considered satisfactory if all the actual figures remain less
than or equal to acceptable limits.

• NOTE:Refer IS 456:2000 for details,assumptions followed

etc.
 A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM
• To assure safety in Limit State Method
i.e to ensure that the limit states is not reached
,we apply two partial safety factors:
(i) Partial safety factor for load
(ii) Partial safety factor for materials( here,steel
and concrete)
 A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM
• Partial safety factor for materials( eg for steel
and concrete.
 A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM
Partial safety factor for materials( eg for steel and concrete

Therefore , the design strength of steel will be .87 fy

And for concrete will be o.45 fck
Where fy and fck are the yield stress for steel and charecteristic
Compressive strength of concrete.
 yield stress of steel and characteristic
compressive strength for different grades

Steel grade Yield stress, fy

Fe 250(mild steel) 250 N/mm2
Fe 415 ( HYSD Bars) 415 N/mm2
Fe 500(HYSD Bars) 500 N/mm2

For concrete grade given in the form M no: ,where M stands for mix and the
no: value is the value of characteristic compressive strength of that grade.

For eg, If the grade is given as M20 ,then the characteristic compressive strength
of that grade will be 20 N/mm2 , If the grade is given as M25 ,then the characteristic
compressive strength of that grade will be 25 N/mm2 and so on.
Note: for R.C.C Design M20 will be the minimum grade to be used. Other grades are listed
In table 2 of IS456:2000 as shown below
Different grades of concrete
 A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM
Partial safety factor for load

36.2 :The term ‘characteristic load’ means that value of load which has a95 percent
probability of not being exceeded during the life of structure.

The design load obtained by multi plying the characteristic load by the partial
safety factor for load is also known as factored load.
Note: For dead load and live load , the multiplier is 1.5, the factored load= 1.5
times the actual load. (or)Factored moment= 1.5 x (moment due to actual loads),
Factored shear force= 1.5 xshear force due to actual loading
 A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM

Partial safety factor for load

Note:
DL= Dead Load
IL= Imposed load or live load
WL= wind load
EL= earth quake loading
 A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM
• By incorporating the above partial safety
factors for the material and load combination
chosen ,we find the Moment of resistance of
the section in case of members designed for
flexure or bending.
• This moment of resistance is the bending
moment which resists the bending moment
due to external loads and forces.
A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM

• Usually the critical or maximum bending

moment created due to external forces and
loads is taken into account after applying
partial safety for loads,ie the factored Bending
Moment is considered.
• For safe design ,the moment of resistance of the
section ,Mu should be greater than or equal to the external
factored B.M .
• The area of reinforcement provided is based on the maximum factored B.M
A BRIEF METHODOLOGY OF LSM

• Similarly for shear,the maximum factored shear force is

found out and it should be compared with the shear resistance
offered by the section .
• Based on above two values,we provide the shear reinforcement
needed-either nominally or based on the shear value exceeding the
shear resistance.
 Types of section
• Depending on the area of main reinforcement
provided ,sections can be divided into three:
• 1. Under reinforced section
• 2.Balanced section
• 3. Over reinforced section
• Note:In LSM ,we try to design the section either
as one of the first two categories and as per
IS456-2000 ,Over reinforced sections has to be
redesigned.
 TYPES OF SECTION
• Case-1: Xu /d equal to the limiting value
Xu,max / d : Balanced section.
• Case-2: Xu / d less than limiting value: under-
reinforced section.
• Case-3: Xu/ d more than limiting value: over-
reinforced section
 Under reinforced section
• In an under reinforced section, the percentage
of steel provided is less than that provided in
balanced section. So the actual neutral axis
• ( )will shift upwards than the critical
neutral axis depth for a balanced section,
• In under reinforced section, the stress in steel
first reaches it permissible value, while the
concrete is under stressed.
 Under reinforced sections
• The various features of under reinforced section are as follows :
• (i)        Steel is fully stressed while concrete not (i.e., stress in steel is
(permissible value ) but stress in concrete is less than permissible value,
• (ii)       The actual neutral axis lies above the critical neutral axis
• (iii)     The percentage of steel is less than the balanced section hence the
section is economical.
• (iv)      Ductile failure.
• (v)       The moment of resistance is less than balanced section.

• In under reinforced section, the failure is ductile because steel fails first
and sufficient warning is given before collapse. Due to ductile failure and
economy, the under-reinforced sections are preferred by designers.
 Over Reinforced Section

• Over Reinforced Section

• In an over reinforced section the percentage of steel
provided is greater than the balanced section.
• So the actual neutral axis shift downward than that for a
balanced section.( ) )
• In this section, stress in concrete reaches its permissible
value while steel is not fully stressed. Concrete is brittle and
it fails by crushing suddenly. So not recommended in LSM.
• . As steel is not fully utilised, the over reinforced section is
uneconomical (steel is much costlier than concrete)
• The various features of over reinforced section are :
• (i)        Concrete is fully stressed while steel is not
(i.e., the stress in concrete is at its permissible value
 but stress in steel is less than permissible value.
• (ii)       The actual neutral axis is below the critical
neutral axis .
• (iii)     The percentage of steel is more than the
balanced section, so the section is uneconomical.
• (iv)  Sudden failure.
 Balanced section
• Balanced Section
• A balanced section is that in which stress in concrete
and steel reach their permissible value at the same time.

•  The percentage of steel corresponding to this section is

called as balanced steel and the neutral axis is called as
critical neutral axis ,
Balanced section –analysis
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE AS PER IS456-2000

Moment of resistance is calculated as per

clauses under annexe G. clause G.1 of
IS456:2000.
 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE AS
PER IS456-2000

• Note: refers to limiting neutral axis

depth to effective depth ratio and is given as
below(ref: clause 38 ,IS456:2000)