MANAGEM

ENT
AND
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGA
TION
 Traffic
Refers to the movement of
persons, goods, or vehicles,
either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn, from
one place to another for the
purpose of travel.
 Management
Refers to the skillful
use of means to
accomplish a purpose.
 ACCIDENT

An unforeseen and
unplanned event or
circumstances
 Investigation
To observe or study by close
examination and
systematic inquiry
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
an executive function such as planning,
organizing, directing, supervising,
coordinating, operating, recording and
budgeting traffic affairs such as: traffic
flow requirements, construction and
maintenance of public facilities and
licensing and controlling the use of these
facilities
 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
 TRAFFIC- movement of persons, goods, or
vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn, from one place to
another for the purpose of travel.

 ROADWAY- part of the traffic way over

which motor vehicle pass.

04/07/21 05:10 7
 SHOULDER- either side of the roadway,
especially along highways.

TRAFFIC WAY- the entire width between

boundary lines of every way or place of which
any part is open to the use of the public for
purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of
right or custom

04/07/21 05:10 8
 SHOULDER

TRAFFIC WAY

SHOULDER

04/07/21 05:10 9
 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
LAND
TRANSPORTATION
 A. MANPOWER
1.CARRYING POLE
2. BACK LOAD AND TUMPLINE
3. SLEDGE ON ROLLERS
4. SLEDGE ON RUNNERS
5. TRAVOIS
 B. ANIMAL POWER
1. OX- cattle were the first domesticated
in Mesopotamia
2.REINDEER- first domesticated in Siberia
around the beginning of the Christian
era.
3. DOG – first animal domesticated
4. DONKEY- first domesticated in the
Middle East
5. ELEPHANT
6. HORSE
7. CAMEL
8. YAK
 C. WIND POWER
1. ANCIENT CHINESSE KITE-was first
used for transport when a Korean
general employed one in bridge
building.
2. DA VINCI ORNITHOPTER made study of the flight of the birds and
his notebooks sketched a number of Omithopter (a.k.a. orthopter)
which derives its principal support and propelling from flapping
wings like those of a bird.
 
3. MONTGOLFIER BALLOON-Brothers Joseph Michael and Jacques
Entierine of France have successfully released several balloons when they
proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with
passengers. Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian protested this and
claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and the Marquis d’ Arlanoes
became the first men to make a free balloon ascent.
4. SIEMENS ROCKET PLANE Ernst Werner Von Siemens, in 1847 designed
rocket plane which was to be propelled by the explosive force of
gunpowder.
5. LILIENTHAL GLIDER Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor who also made
a study of the flight of birds and experimented with omithopters going so
far as to build a model omithopter. His chief work was with gliders.
 ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

A. WHEEL

• 1. SOLID WHEELS ON FIXED AXLE

• 2. SUMERIAN CHARIOT WITH FLANK WHEEL
• 3. GREEK QUADRICA WITH SPOKES WHEEL
• 4. ROMAN CARPENTUM
• 5. ITALIAN COCCHIO
 FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
• 1.MANAGEMENT
• 2. OPERATION
• 3. ROADWAY
• 4. SHOULDER
• 5. TRAFFIC
• 6. TRAFFIC WAY
 THE 5 PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
• 1. ENGINEERING (TRAFFIC ENGINEERING)
• 2. EDUCATION (IN TRAFFIC SAFETY)
• 3. ENFORCEMENT (OF TRAFFIC RULES )
• 4. ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT
• 5. ECONOMY
 TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATION
• A. SOURCES
• 1. REPUBLIC ACTS
• R.A 4136 – Land Transportation Code of the
Philippines
• R.A 5448 – Imposition of tax on privately
owned passenger automobiles, etc. To be
financed therefrom
 TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATION
• R.A 8749 – The “Clean Air Act”
• R.A 8750 – Seat belt Law
• R.A 7924 – Creation of the MMDA
• RA 6539 – “Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972”
TRAFFIC SIGN
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
• Designed to make the traffic way safer for
travellers, expedite the movement of traffic,
and to provide convenience to the traffic
facilities users.

• Procedures for coping with streets and

highway traffic by improving road efficiency.

04/07/21 05:10 38
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT may also mean....

* The application of the

processes of planning,
organizing, directing
and controlling to
traffic affairs.
04/07/21 05:10 39
 AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
• DOTC-LTO (RA 4136) • COURTS
• CITY/MUNICIPAL • PUBLIC INFORMATION
ENGINEERS’ OFFICE OFFICE
• DPWH • CITIZEN SUPPORT
• LEGISLATIVE(CONGRESS GROUPS
/CITY/MUNICIPAL • MEDIA
BOARDS) • OTHER AGENCIES
• PNP-TMG
• ACADEMIC
INSTITUTIONS

04/07/21 05:10 40
 Achieving safe and efficient transportation of
persons and goods, needs the application of
knowledge in the practice of planning,
deciding and operating traffic system. This is
the idea of

a.Traffic management
b.Traffic law enforcement
c. Traffic engineering
d.Traffic education
04/07/21 05:10 41
 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
• Measuring traffic and travel or the study of
the basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation.
• Application of knowledge to the professional
practice of planning, deciding, and operating
traffic system to achieve safe and efficient
transportation of persons and goods.

04/07/21 05:10 42
 FUNCTIONS
• Fact finding, surveys and recommendation of
traffic rules and regulations
• Supervision and maintenance trough the
application of traffic control devices
• Planning of traffic regulations

04/07/21 05:10 43
 AGENCIES INVOLVED

• DPWH
• PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS
• MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS
• CHARTERED CITIES

04/07/21 05:10 44
 OBJECTIVES
• Achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic
• Prevent traffic accidents
• Simplify police enforcement action and
performance
• Show that good police actions and performance
makes engineering plans effective
• Present the close relationship of the pillars of
traffic in the improvement of traffic problems.

04/07/21 05:10 45
 APPLICATION OF THE OBJECTIVES
• Habitually congested commercial areas
• Heavily travelled thoroughfares
• Congested local areas and intersections
• During special occasions and events
• During disasters or emergencies
• At school crossing

04/07/21 05:10 46
 Municipality “A” encounters traffic jam and/or
congestion daily from 5 o’clock in the morning
up to 7 o’clock in the evening because of
insufficient road capacity and absence of traffic
facilities. This problem is categorized under

a. Human errors
b.Physical inadequacy
c. Poor maintenance
d.Lack of budget

04/07/21 05:10 50
 MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC JAM

• PHYSICAL INADEQUACY
• POOR CONTROL MEASURES
• HUMAN ERRORS
• POOR MAINTENANCE

04/07/21 05:10 51
 ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES

 PLANNING AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN

a. Composition of the traffic streams
b. Traffic volumes for capacity
c. Origin and destination

04/07/21 05:10 52
 FACTORS INFLUENCING DESIGN
a. Composition of traffic
b. Volume of traffic
c. Speed of vehicle
d. Starting, turning and stopping
abilities of traffic units
e. Performance values of road users

04/07/21 05:10 53
  REGULATION AND CONTROL

a. Based and confined within the boundaries

of safety, public welfare and convenience.
b. Limitations imposed on road users and
their load
c. Basic general rule of road use and conduct
d. Prohibition and restrictions

04/07/21 05:10
54
 It is aimed at achieving safety by giving
exercises and practices on the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge. This
is called

a.Traffic Management
b.Traffic Engineering
c. Traffic Education
d.Traffic Enforcement
04/07/21 05:10 55
 TRAFFIC EDUCATION

• Process of giving training and practice in the

actual application of traffic safety
knowledge.

04/07/21 05:10 56
 AGENCIES INVOLVED

SCHOOLS (public and private)

– Elementary
– Secondary
– Higher education

04/07/21 05:10 57
PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAMS
– Mass media

CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS

04/07/21 05:10 58
 The area of Traffic Management which entails
putting into practice rules and regulations
and laws concerning traffic.

a.Traffic Law Enforcement

b.Traffic Enforcement
c. Police Traffic Law Enforcement
d.Traffic Arrest

04/07/21 05:10 59
 TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

• The field that deals mainly on the

implementation and enforcement of traffic
laws, rules and regulations.

04/07/21 05:10 60
 AGENCIES INVOLVED
 LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO)
– Registration
– Inspection
– Licensing
– Wanted vehicles

04/07/21 05:10 61
 LEGISLATIVE BODIES
– Congress
– Provincial Boards
– City/Municipal Councils
 POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
– MMDA
– Police Auxiliaries
– LTO Flying Squad

04/07/21 05:10 62
 TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT

The study of potentially disastrous

population explosion, changes in the urban
environment due to the scale and density of
new urban concentration and new activities
carries out, air pollution, water pollution and
crowding especially transport congestion
which results therein.
04/07/21 05:10 63
 Which of the following adverse effect of traffic
system is considered less dangerous but
admittedly more vexing and annoying?

A.Vibration
B.Noise pollution
C.Visual intrusion
D.Dirt

04/07/21 05:10 64
 A. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
TRANSPORTATION URBANIZATION
• NOISE • NEIGHBORHOOD
• VIBRATION SEVERANCE
• AIR POLLUTION • DISTRACTION DURING
• DIRT PLANNING AND
CONSTRUCTION
• VISUAL INTRUSION
• ACCIDENT
• LOSS OF PRIVACY EXPERIENCES
• CHANGES IN AMOUNT • CONGESTIONS AND
OF LIGHT OTHER BENEFITS TO
• RELOCATION VEHICLES
• PEDESTRIAN JOURNEY
04/07/21 05:10 65
 B. LAWS AND STATUTES CONCERNING
TRAFFIC ECOLOGY
 PD 1181- providing for the prevention,
control and ABATEMENT of AIR POLLUTION
for motor vehicles and for other purposes.

04/07/21 05:10 66
 LETTER OF INSTRUCTION (LOI) NO. 551
– Directing the law enforcement agencies to
implement the pollution control program

 RA 8749- Clean Air Act

04/07/21 05:10 67
 TRAFFIC ECONOMY

• The most recent pillar of traffic which deals

with the benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy.

04/07/21 05:10 68
04/07/21 05:10 69
 T Y
F E
SA ON
I C TI
F F A
RA U C
T ED
 TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

• The process of training road users in the

avoidance and prevention of traffic-related
accidents

04/07/21 05:10 71
 This pertains to the use of multi-disciplinary
approaches road engineering and traffic
management, education and training of road
users and vehicle design thereby reducing
the risk of accidents.
a.Traffic safety
b.Road safety
c. Safety campaign
d.Traffic education

04/07/21 05:10 72
 ROAD SAFETY

– Reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads,

achieved through multi-disciplinary approaches
road engineering and traffic management,
education and training of road users and vehicle
design.

04/07/21 05:10 73
 A. ACCIDENT FACTORS
 HUMAN ERRORS (95%)
– Going too fast
– Failing to give at junctions
– Following too closely
– Overtaking improperly
– Misperceiving the road situation ahead
– Intoxication
– Lack of skill

04/07/21 05:10 74
 ROAD DEFICIENCIES
– Poor design of layout and control at junctions
– Inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting
– Slippery roads
– Obstruction on the road such as parked vehicle,
on going road construction

04/07/21 05:10 75
  VEHICLE FACTORS

– Defects in tires, brakes and lights

– Absence or non-using of seatbelts
– Poorly maintained motor vehicles

04/07/21 05:10 76
 B. E’S OF TRAFFIC IN RELATION TO
TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

 ENGINEERING – effective construction and

maintenance of traffic facilities
 EDUCATION- training and practice
 ENFORCEMENT- minimize the occurrence of
accidents due to non-compliance of road
users.
04/07/21 05:10 77
 DRIVER’S EDUCATION
 AIMS primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving.

 Secondarily aims to:

– Instill awareness of one’s legal and moral
responsibilities
– Teach the abilities required for one to be eligible
for a driver’s license.

04/07/21 05:10 78
 INSTRUCTION MODES
 COMPREHENSIVE- Places the student into real life of
driving situations from the beginning
 TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION- depends on instruction-
student communication
 COMMENTARY DRIVING METHOD- student driver is
accompanied by an instructor
student- drives
instructor-comments
 SIMULATED CONDITIONS
– On and off the road training with the use of a simulator

04/07/21 05:10 79
 ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF DRIVING
TASKS
 COLLECTION OF INFORMATION
– Perceptual Scanning
– Identification
 PROCESSING OF INFORMATION
– Predicting and
– decision making

04/07/21 05:10 80
 ACTION WHICH IS FOCUSED ON;
– Motor skills and control of vehicles
– Knowledge and subjective interpretation

04/07/21 05:10 81
 SAFETY CAMPAIGN (road
propaganda)

• Mass publicity aimed to make road users

behave more safely.
– Public information attitudes
– Particular or specific behaviors
– combination

04/07/21 05:10 82
04/07/21 05:10 83
TRA
FFIC
REG LAW
ULA S , R
REL T I O U
NS A LES AN
ATE N D OTH D
D ST
ATU ER
TES
 REPUBLIC ACTS

RA 4136- LT CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

RA 6539- ANTI-CARNAPPING ACT OF 1972
RA 5448- ACT IMPOSING TAX ON PRIVATELY
OWNED PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES,
MOTORCYCLES AND SCOOTERS
RA 8749- CLEAN AIR ACT

04/07/21 05:10 85
RA 8750- SEAT BELT LAW

RA 7924- ACT CREATING THE METROPOLITAN

MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

04/07/21 05:10 86
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREES

P.D. 96- REGULATING THE USE OF SIRENS, BELLS,

HORNS, BLINKERS, ETC.
PD 101- EXPEDITING THE METHODS OF
PRESCRIBING, REDIFINING OR MODIFYING THE
LINES AND MODES OF OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC
UTILITY MOTOR VEHICLES
PD 207- DECLARING AS PART OF THE LAWS OF
THE PHILIPPINES THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON
ROAD TRAFFIC, SIGNS AND SIGNALS
04/07/21 05:10 87
PD 612- REQUIRING COMPULSORY
INSURANCE FOR ALL TYPES OF MOTOR
VEHICLES AGAINST THIRD PARTY LIABILITY
AS AN ADDITIONAL PREREQUISITE FOR
REGISTRATION BY THE LTO.

PD 1686- IMPOSING TAX ON EVERY MOTOR

VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH AIR CONDITIONER.

04/07/21 05:10 88
PD 1181- ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
FORM MOTOR VEHICLES

PD 98- REGULATINGG THE ISSUANCE OF

LICENSE PLATES OF ALL MOTOR VEHICLES

04/07/21 05:10 89
 LETTER OF INSTRUCTION
LOI 43- PROVIDING FOR THE REMOVAL OF ALL
IMPEDIMENTS ON ROADS, STREETS AND
HIGHWAYS SUCH AS CONSTRUCTIONS, STALLED
OR PARKED VEHICLES AND OTHER MOVABLE
PROPERTY THAT OBSTRUCT FREE PASSAGE.

LOI 112- PROHIBITS FREIGHT AND CARGO

TRUCKS FROM USING ROAD, HIGHWAYS AND
BRIDGES WHOSE LOAD CAPACITIES ARE IN
EXCESS OF SPECIFIC ALLOWABLE LIMITS.
04/07/21 05:10 90
LOI 229- REQUIRING ALL MOTOR VEHICLE
OWNERS, USERS OR DRIVERS TO HAVE AT
LEAST ONE PAIR OF EARLY WARNING DEVICE
(EWD).

LOI 551- DIRECTING THE LAW ENFORCEMENT

AGENCIES TO IMPLEMENT THE POLLUTION
CONTROL PROGRAM.

04/07/21 05:10 91
 EXECUTIVE ORDERS

E.O. 202- CREATING THE LTFRB

E.O. 266- PROVIDES FOR THE CREATION OF

LAW ENFORCEMENT SERVICE AND TRAFFIC
ADJUDICATION SERVICE

04/07/21 05:10 92
 MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS

LTC MEMO. DTD 09 AUG 1975-

DIRECTING PATROL OFFICERS, DEPUTIES
AND AGENTS THAT MOTOR VEHICLES WHOSE
LOAD ARE RICE, CEREALS AND FERTILIZERS
AND OTHER PRIME COMMODITIES ARE NOT
TO BE APPREHENDED OR STOPPED ON
ROADS AND HIGHWAYS EXCEPT FOR
SERIOUS VIOLATIONS.
04/07/21 05:10 93
M.C. 94-192- DIESEL SMOKE EMISSION TEST
FOR MOTOR VEHICLES.
M.C. 90-020- DIRECTING ALL PUBLIC LAND
TRANSPORTATION SERVICE OPERATORS AND
DRIVERS TO DISPLAY IN ANY CONSPICUOUS
PLACE OF THEIR VEHICLES THE AUTHORIZED
FARE MATRIX.
M.C. 94-188- ISSUANCE OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
TO DISABLED PERSONS

04/07/21 05:10 94
 IMPORTANT
PROVISIONS OF RA 4136

WORDS AND PHRASES

 MOTOR VEHICLE

Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any

power other than muscular power using
public highways.

04/07/21 05:10 96
 What are the exceptions to this
provision?
Road rollers, trolley cars, street-
sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian
trucks and trucks if not used in highways,
vehicles which run only on rails, or tracks and
tractors, trailers and traction engines of all
kinds used exclusively for agricultural
purposes.
04/07/21 05:10 97
 Trailers having any number of
wheels, when propelled or
intended to be propelled by
attachment to a motor vehicle shall
be classified as separate motor
vehicle with no power rating.

04/07/21 05:10 98
 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES
 Any pneumatic tire vehicles of type similar
to those usually known under the following
terms:
– Touring car, command car, speedster, sports car,
roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor wheel and
similar small outfits which are classified with
motor cycle), coupe, landaulet, closed car,
limousine, cabriolet and sedan

04/07/21 05:10 99
What is the classification of a
motor vehicle registered for
more than nine passengers?

A.Automobile C. Motorcycle
B.Jitney D. Truck

04/07/21 05:10 100

What is the classification of a
motor vehicle registered for
more than nine passengers?

A.Automobile C. Motorcycle
B.Jitney D. Truck

04/07/21 05:10 101

 ARTICULATED VEHICLE

Any motor vehicle with a trailer having no

front axle and so attached that part of the
trailers rests upon the motor vehicle and a
substantial weight of the trailer and of its
load is borne by the motor vehicle.

04/07/21 05:10 102

 Under the definition provided for by
the Land Transportation Code,
which of the following means every
or any licensed operator of a motor
vehicle?

A.Owner C. Conductor
B.Dealer D. Driver
04/07/21 05:10 103
 Under the definition provided for by
the Land Transportation Code,
which of the following means every
or any licensed operator of a motor
vehicle?

A.Owner C. Conductor
B.Dealer D. Driver
04/07/21 05:10 104
 OWNER

The actual legal owner of the motor vehicle,

in whose name such vehicle is duly registered
with the LTO.

04/07/21 05:10 105

 Dinatuli Supotski is driving his own private
motor vehicle (Delica) for hire. As per
provision of RA 4136, he is NOT considered a
professional driver since he is driving a
private vehicle. This statement is

A.True C. Yes
B.False D. No

04/07/21 05:10 106

 Dinatuli Supotski is driving his own private
motor vehicle (Delica) for hire. As per
provision of RA 4136, he is NOT considered a
professional driver since he is driving a
private vehicle. This statement is

A.True C. Yes
B.False D. No

04/07/21 05:10 107

 PROFESSIONAL DRIVER

Every and any driver hired for driving or

operating a motor vehicle, whether for
private use or for hire to the public.

04/07/21 05:10 108

 Which is true about the ownership of a
government-owned motor vehicle?

A.The assigned driver shall be considered as the

owner of the said motor vehicle.
B.Any one from the office so long as he knows
how to drive and properly licensed can claim
ownership of the motor vehicle.
C. The head of office or the chief of the Bureau is
the owner of the government-owned motor
vehicle.
D.All of the above
04/07/21 05:10 109
 Which of the following is considered parking or
parked vehicle?

A. Vehicle “X” which properly stops merely to

discharge passenger or take in waiting
passenger then moves away without delay.
B. Vehicle “Y” which stop properly to unload
or load small quantity of freight with
reasonable dispatch then moves away
without delay.
C. All of the above
D. None of the above.
04/07/21 05:10 110
 PARKING OR PARKED

Shall mean that a motor vehicle is parked or

parking if it has been brought to a stop on
the shoulder or proper edge of a highway,
and remains inactive in that place or closed
thereto for an appreciable period of time.

04/07/21 05:10 111

 EXCEEDING REGISTERED CAPACITY
(OVERLOADING)

Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor

vehicle should not be more than the
registered carrying capacity.

04/07/21 05:10 112

 All passenger automobiles for hire are
required to have the registered
capacity marked plainly and
conspicuously on the sides thereof in
letters and numerals with

A. Not less than 10 cms. In height

B. Not less than 5 cms. In height
C. Not more than 10 cms. But less than 5 cms. In height
D. Not more than 5 m But less than 10 m In height

04/07/21 05:10 113

 Generally, Riding running on board is strictly
prohibited. Which among the following is
allowed to ride on running board?

A.Pedro who is rushing because he will be late for

the wedding of his ex-girl friend.
B.Angiwan, the conductor, who is collecting the
passengers’ fare.
C. Mutegan who is a policeman going to other
places.
D.Turquatro who is a Brgy. Capt. Rushing for an
emergency meeting.

04/07/21 05:10 114

 RIDING ON TOP THE MOTOR VEHICLE

Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on

top of motor vehicles.

04/07/21 05:10 115

 Generally riding on top of motor vehicle is
prohibited, in which of the following
instances fall under the exception?

A.Vehicle from the province carrying passengers

and freights.
B.Baggage or freight provided the weight thereof
is not more than 20 kilos per square meter.
C. Police in hot pursuit of a criminal
D.None of the above.
04/07/21 05:10 116
• If you continue to focus on the cross in the center of the image you will notice that .. the circle of violet
circles will05:10
04/07/21 soon DISSAPPEAR completely .. and you will see only the green spot (which is actually violet).
117
04/07/21 05:10 118
 What are the required motor vehicle
accessories?
• Tires • Stop light
• Brake • Wind shield
• Horns wiper
• Headlight • Red flag
• Tail light • mufflers

04/07/21 05:10 119

 When should the headlights of the
motor vehicle be lighted?

A.Not later than 1 hour before sunrise and until 1

hour before sunset.
B.30 minutes before sunset and until 30 minutes
after sunrise.
C. 15 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes after
sunrise
D.1 hour before sunrise and 1 hour after sunset.
04/07/21 05:10 120
 TAIL LIGHTS of the motor vehicle
should be lighted and visible at least

A.100 m from the rear of the vehicle.

B.50 m from the front of the vehicle.
C.100 m from the front of the vehicle.
D.50 m from the rear of the vehicle.

04/07/21 05:10 121

 The following statements are true about the
use red flag, EXCEPT

A.Red flags should be displayed whenever the

load of any motor vehicle extends more than 1
meter beyond the body or bed.
B.The red flag should be displayed at every
projecting end of such load.
C. The red flag should not be less than 30 cms.
Both in length and width.
D.None of the above.

04/07/21 05:10 122

 HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE
• Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear
end of any vehicle.
• Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on
foot or otherwise.
• Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride
outside of or at the rear en of the vehicle.

*Driving while under the influence of

liquor or prohibited drugs
04/07/21 05:10 123
 Obet Momet-a unloads a passenger at the
center of the street causing impediment to
other motor vehichle passing the same
street. Mr. Momet-a commits

a.Illegal loading
b.Illegal discharge of passenger
c. Obstruction of traffic
d.Violation of loading and unloading rules

04/07/21 05:10 124

• It is commonly known as operating a motor
vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct,
block, or impede the passage of another
vehicle.

OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC

04/07/21 05:10 125

 Tim Mckay while driving his car accidentally
bumped Ms. Angelica Caasi. In this case, what
must be done by Mckay?

a. Stop immediately
b.Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law
enforcer.
c. Give his true name and address, including that
of the owner of the vehicle.
d.Report the accident
e. All of the above
04/07/21 05:10 126
 DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF
ACCIDENT (SEC. 55)

• STOP immediately
• SHOW his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law
enforcer.
• GIVE his true name and address, including that of
the owner of the vehicle.
• ASSIST injured persons
• TAKE MEASURES to protect belongings of
passengers
• REPORT the accident
222
04/07/21 05:10 127
All but one are valid reasons for the driver
to leave the accident scene without being
held liable for hit and run.
a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed
by other person/s by reason of the accident.
b. He surrenders to proper authority
c. He summons the assistance of a physician or
nurse to aid the victim.
d. He runs to the hospital to treat injuries he
sustained
04/07/21 05:10 128
 Since 1997, the LTO issued Ten (10)
Commandments of traffic which is not only
useful to the public but also to traffic
investigators. The No. 1 of the said
commandments is:

a. If in doubt, don’t overtake

b. Do not overtake on the right
c. Keep right
d. Safety first

04/07/21 05:10 129

 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TRAFFIC

1. KEEP RIGHT
2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yielding to emergency
vehicles, pedestrians, trains, vehicles with right of
way, vehicles ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic,
traffic momentum, straight traffic and traffic signs.
3. VEHICLES SHOULD NOT BE PARKED NEAR
INTERSECTION, CROSSWALK, PEDESTRIAN LANES,
FIRE STATIONS, FIRE HYDRANT, AND PRIVATE
DRIVEWAYS.

04/07/21 05:10 130

4. IF IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE- in general,
the overtaking lane is the left of the
overtaken vehicle going the same direction.
The overtaken vehicle is the burden vehicle.
5. THE BUS STOP RULE- buses queue up on a
single file in their order of arrival.
6. RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC
CONGESTION OR TRAFFIC JAM- keep
opposing lanes and intersection open.

04/07/21 05:10 131

7. OBSERVE THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MEASURE- like the busy yellow lane rule,
bus stop segregation scheme, truck ban, odd
and even scheme etc...

8. THE PHILOSOHY OF A PINOY DRIVER-

motorists should observe equity of the
vehicle, doctrine of the last clear chance and
the first-come-first serve or rotunda rule.

04/07/21 05:10 132

9. ON PEDESTRIANS- keep of roadway except
to cross on crosswalk or pedestrian lane,
wait, embark and alight at bus or jeepney
stop.

10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY

REMINDER- SAFETY FIRST

04/07/21 05:10 133

REGISTRATION OF MOTOR
VEHICLE
 Classification of registered motor
vehicles
• PRIVATE (not for hire)
• PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES (conveyance of
passengers and other commercial goods)
• GOVERNMENT (for official use only)
• DIPLOMAT (foreign diplomats and consuls)

04/07/21 05:10 135

 PLATE NUMBERS

• PRIVATE AHK 123

• PUVs WYZ 143 OR WYZ 143

• GOVERNMENT SJH 007

• DIPLOMATS ZYW 901

04/07/21 05:10 136
 COMMEMORATIVE PLATES

• Special plate numbers issued for specific

purposes such fund-raising for government
projects and programs.

04/07/21 05:10 137

 SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION
LAST DIGIT OF PLATE MIDDLE DIGIT OF PLATE WEEKLY DEADLINE
NUMBER NUMBER
1- JAN 6- JUN 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2- FEB 7- JUL 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

3- MAR 8- AUG 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

4- APR 9- SEPT 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 28

5- MAY 0- OCT 29 30 21

NOTE: VEHICLES MAY BE REGISTERED ONE MONTH IN ADVANCE OF

WEEKLY DEADLINE. FOR MOTOCYCLES, USE THE THIRD DIGIT

04/07/21 05:10 138

 WITH THIS PLATE NUMBER
WJS 269 Sept. 2 week
nd

• What is the classification of the motor

vehicle?
• What month should it be registered?
• When is the weekly deadline should it be
registered?

04/07/21 05:10 139

LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS

• Indicate the place of initial registration of the

motor vehicle
• Indicate the registration and the possible
year model of the registered motor vehicle.
(the higher the letters the later the year of
registration and year model)

04/07/21 05:10 140

 SPECIAL PLATES FOR GOV. OFF.

• 1- PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

• 2- VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
• 3- SENATE PRESIDENT, ETC.

04/07/21 05:10 141

DRIVER’S LICENSE
• A document issued to a qualified driver who
possesses the statutory qualification as
provided therefore.

DRIVER’S LICENSE

04/07/21 05:10 143

 Is driving in the Philippines as well as
the acquisition of driver’s license a
matter of right or privilege?

A MATTER OF PRIVILEGE

04/07/21 05:10 144

 When a driver’s license is confiscated
for any reason, the traffic enforcer
must
• Issue a receipt (TOP)
• TOP is good for 72 hours within which the
driver may continue to operate his vehicle.
• Failure to settle the case within 15 days will
cause suspension or revocation of license.

04/07/21 05:10 145

 TYPES OF LICENCES
• INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE
- issued to a bonafide tourist and transient
who are duly licensed to operate motor
vehicles in their respective countries.

* They are allowed to operate motor vehicles

during their stay but not beyond 90 days of
their sojourn in the Philippines.

04/07/21 05:10 146

Can a foreign license applicant be issued a
professional driver’s license?
A. Yes, because that is his right.
B. No, because only student license can be
issued to them.
C. Yes, especially if he is an American.
D. NO, only non-professional driver’s license
can be issued to them.

04/07/21 05:10 147

 MILITARY DRIVER’S LICENSE
– Issued to enlisted personnel of the AFP operating
motor vehicles owned by the government
– No license or delinquency fees shall be collected
thereof.
– It shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT
VEHICLES ONLY”.

04/07/21 05:10 148

 Can a military driver’s license
authorize the holder to operate a
privately-owned motor vehicle?

NO, he needs to apply license separately

from that of a military driver’s license.

04/07/21 05:10 149

 PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

• Issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or

operating a motor vehicle whether private
use or for hire to the public.

04/07/21 05:10 150

 Requirements:
• 18 years of age
• Present either the ffg:
- STUDENT LICENSE which has been issued in
the possession of the applicant for at least 5
months.
- NON-PROFESSIONAL driver’s license that has
been issued in the possession of the applicant
for not less than 4 months.

04/07/21 05:10 151

• Pass the written examination
• Pass the actual road test.
• Application form filled out by the applicant.
• Payment of the necessary fees.

* Renewable for every 3 years and the

identifying color is red.

04/07/21 05:10 152

 In the driver’s written examination,
what is the passing score for non-
professional? Professional?

• 30 points out of 40 questions for non-prof.

• 50 points out of 60 questions for prof.

04/07/21 05:10 153

 In the actual road test, the applicant is
automatically credited 100 points and
corresponding points will be deducted for
every violation, what is the maximum
deductible point?

A total possible deduction of 30 points

04/07/21 05:10 154

 NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S
LICENSE

• Issued to owners of privately-owned motor

vehicles or those not for hire or paid for
driving.

04/07/21 05:10 155

 Requirements:
• At least 17 years of age
• Student driver’s permit that has been issued
not less than 1 month from the date of
application
• Certification
– Physically and mentally sound
– Normal vision and hearing

04/07/21 05:10 156

• Pass the written exam
• Pass the actual road test
• Application form filled out
• Payment of necessary fees

* Renewable for every 3 years and

identifying color is green .

04/07/21 05:10 157

 Holder of non-professional driver’s
license is only authorized to operate
which of the following motor vehicle?

A. Motor vehicle up to 4500 kgs GVW

B. Motor vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW but not more than 1600
kgs GVW
C. Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
D. Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW

04/07/21 05:10 158

 STUDENT DRIVER’S PERMIT
• Issued to persons who desire to learn how to
drive.

*Can not drive a motor vehicle

unless accompanied by an
instructor who may be either
licensed prof. or non-prof.

04/07/21 05:10 159

 Kita Liit cannot see clearly when driving at
night time because of some eye defect. If you
are the licensing personnel of the LTO, what
driver’s restriction will you indicate in his
license?

A.D C. B
B. C D. E

04/07/21 05:10 160

 Kita Liit cannot see clearly when driving at
night time because of some eye defect. If you
are the licensing personnel of the LTO, what
driver’s restriction will you indicate in his
license?

A.D C. B
B. C D. E

04/07/21 05:10 161

 DRIVER’S CONDITION
A- wear eye glasses
B- drive only with special equipment for upper
limbs
C- drive only with special equipment for lower
limbs
D- daylight driving only
E- accompanied by a person with normal
hearing
04/07/21 05:10 162
 DRIVER’S RESTRICTION CODE

1- motorcycles/motorized tricycles
2- vehicle up to 4500 kgs GVW
3- vehicle above 4500 GVW
4- Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW
5- Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
6- Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW and below
7- Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW
8- Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs and above GVW
9- Disabled
04/07/21 05:10 163
04/07/21 05:10 164
04/07/21 05:10 165
GENERAL RULES OF ROAD
USE AND CONDUCT
 SDEED LIMIT AND OTHER RULES ONCARSSPEED
PASSENGER MOTOR TRUCKS
AND AND BUSES
MOTORCYCLES

A. On open country roads, with no blind corners 80 km 50 km

not closely border by habitations
B. On “through streets” or boulevards clear of 40 km 30 km
traffic, with no blind corners, when so designated.
On city and municipal streets, with light traffic, 30 km 30 km
when not designated ‘through streets”
Through crowded streets, approaching 20 km 20 km
intersections at ‘blind corners”. Passing school
zones, passing other vehicles which are stationary,
or for similar dangerous circumstances.

04/07/21 05:10 167

 EXCEPTION TO THE SPEED LIMIT
• A physician or his driver when the former
responds to emergency calls.
• The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way
to and from the place of accident or other
emergency.
• Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person
for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic
or any other similar place.

04/07/21 05:10 168

• The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the
armed forces while in use for official purposes in
times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
• The driver of a motor vehicle when he or his
passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
• A law enforcement officer who is trying to
overtake a violator of traffic laws.
• The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of
any fire department, provided that exemption
shall not be construed to allow useless or
unnecessary fast driving of drivers
aforementioned.
04/07/21 05:10 169
 OVER TAKING AND PASSING

• IN overtaking another vehicle, a driver

should pass at a safe distance to the left of
the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume
driving on the right side of the road only
after passing clear of the overtaken vehicle.

04/07/21 05:10 170

• The driver of a motor vehicle about to be
overtaken must give way to the overtaking
vehicle and shall not increase his speed until
the overtaking vehicle has fully passed by.

04/07/21 05:10 171

 RIGHT OF WAY

• The principle referring to the legal or

customary precedence (priority in place or
time) WHICH ALLOWS one vehicle to cross or
pass in front of another.

04/07/21 05:10 172

 General parking rules
• On cities- motor vehicles will be parked
parallel and within 12 inches of the curb.

• Downhill with or without curb-turn wheels to

right
• Uphill with curb- turn wheels from curb
• Uphill without curb- turn wheels to curb

04/07/21 05:10 173

 Parking prohibited in specific places
• Within an intersection
• On a crosswalk
• Within six (6) meters of curb lines
• Within four (4) meters of the drive way
entrance of any fire station.
• Within 4 meters from a fire hydrant
• In front of a private driveway

04/07/21 05:10 174

• On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped
or parked at the curb or edge of the highway.

• At any place where official signs have been

erected prohibiting parking.

04/07/21 05:10 175

 TRAFFIC LAW
ENFORCEMENT
• Part of enforcement involving the arrest,
issuance of temporary operator’s permit
(TOP) or inspection report summons, or
warning of any person who believed to have
violated a law, ordinance, or regulation
pertaining to the use of traffic roads.

04/07/21 05:10 177

 SCOPE
• The action taken by the police and the court
to compel obedience to traffic laws and
ordinances regulating the movement and use
of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating
a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all
potential violators.

04/07/21 05:10 178

• Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of
activity aimed at controlling road users, let
behavior by preventive persuasive and
punitive methods in order to effect a safe
and efficient traffic movement.

04/07/21 05:10 179

• It applies to all statutes, ordinances and
legally authorized regulations relating to the
use of street and highways and operation of
motor vehicle.

04/07/21 05:10 180

 TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC
LAW ENFORCEMENT
• POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
- Enforcement of traffic laws deterrent to law
violations, special assistance to prosecutors
and courts and incidental service to highway
users.
- usually the duties of traffic enforcers like
the PNP-TMG and the LTO-LES
04/07/21 05:10 181
• COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- performed through prosecution,

adjudication, and penalization of cases.

- usually undertaken by any of the regular

courts where traffic cases fall under their
jurisdiction and the Traffic Adjudication
Service (TAS) of the LTO.

04/07/21 05:10 182

 3 important goals of enforcement
activities

• To increase safety level

• To increase traffic efficiency
• To insure harmonious and comfortable
environment

04/07/21 05:10 183

 Major Elements of Traffic
Enforcement System
• ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
- consist of legislation, police and the courts.
• ROAD USERS SYSTEM (TRAFFIC WAY USER)
- Includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers,
passengers and others.
• ROAD SYSTEM (TRAFFIC SYSTEM)
- composed of the entire road and vehicle
complex, as well as all traffic rules and regulation.

04/07/21 05:10 184

 ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE ENFORCEMENT
PROCESS
DETECTION
APPREHENSION

PROSECUTION

ADJUDICATION

PENALIZATION

04/07/21 05:10 185

 DETECTION

• Looking for defects in the behavior of

motorist, pedestrians, vehicle, equipment
and roadway condition.

• Requires knowledge of the law on the part of

the police.

04/07/21 05:10 186

 APPREHENSION

• Actual taking of enforcement actions.

• Arrest - the lawful taking of a person into

custody so that he maybe bound to answer
for the commission of an offense.

04/07/21 05:10 187

 PROSECUTION

• Handled by the prosecution and partly the

court where the police also provide
corresponding influences through
preparation and introduction of evidence or
close contact with the prosecuting officer.

04/07/21 05:10 188

 ADJUDICATION

• While this obviously a court and

prosecution’s function, the police provide
influence on this step by acting as witness to
the prosecution or supplying additional
evidence.

• The determination of the guilt or innocence

of the accused.
04/07/21 05:10 189
 PENALIZATION
• Imposition of the penalty upon the
determination of the guilt of the accused.
The penalty is greatly influenced by the
previous records of conviction as provided by
police.
• Penalty involved is either fine or
imprisonment or both or may result to the
suspension or revocation of the driver’s
license of the accused.
04/07/21 05:10 190
 KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION

• TRAFFIC ARREST
• TRAFFIC CITATION
• TRAFFIC WARNING

04/07/21 05:10 191

 TRAFFIC ARREST

• AN enforcement action which consists of

taking a person into custody for the purpose
of holding or detaining him to answer a
charge of law violation before a court.

04/07/21 05:10 192

 When can a traffic violator be
arrested?
A. Offense committed is serious
B. Detention is necessary to avoid continued
violation
C. There is reasonable doubt that the violator
will not appear in court
D. All of the above
E. A and C only

04/07/21 05:10 193

 TRAFFIC CITATION

• Having violators appear in court without

physical arrest.

• Confiscate the driver’s license and issue a

TCT, TOP or TVR to ensure that the violator
will appear before the proper authority or
court.

04/07/21 05:10 194

 After confiscation of the driver’s
license and issuance of the TOP or
TCT, the apprehending officer should
advise the violator to report within
what period of time from
confiscation?

• Within 72 hours, but not less than 24

hours
04/07/21 05:10 195
 WHERE THE VIOLATOR SHOULD
REPORT?
• TRAFFIC COURT- if in Manila and for violation
of City’s traffic ordinances.

• CITY/PROVINCIAL PROSECUTOR- if in other

chartered cities or provincial capitals without
traffic courts, for violation of local traffic
ordinances.

04/07/21 05:10 196

• MUNICIPAL COURT- in Municipalities for
violation of local traffic ordinances.
• LTO Central Office (TAS) for Metro Manila or
its counterparts (REGIONAL TRAFFIC
ADJUDICATION SERVICE - RTAS) for violation
of the Land Transportation Code (RA 4136)

04/07/21 05:10 197

 What are the uses of TOP, TCT, and
TVR?
• Serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a
vehicle or the driver’s license or the CR/OR of
the vehicle.
• Serves as a temporary permit to operate
motor vehicle for 72 hours without extension
from the time of confiscation or
apprehension. (7 days for TVR)

04/07/21 05:10 198

• It is an official form of judicial or
administrative citation to facilitate action on
the case for which it is issued.
• It is a record for disposing a case cited
therein either administratively or judiciary.
• It is also a receipt for release of the
confiscated items after adjudication of the
case.

04/07/21 05:11 199

KINDS OF PLACE OF PERIOD OF WHERE TO PERIOD OF WHAT SHOULD WHAT WILL
VIOLATION VIOLATION FILLING UP REPORT REPORTING THE VIOLATOR HAPPEN?
TOP/TCT/TVR DO?

Pay the fine or Paid the fine, Dl

RA 4136 NCR Within 24 LTO-main TAS 3-5 days plea not guilty is returned, guilty
hours plea, traffic
officer is
summoned

Provinces outside Within 24 LTO-RTAS 3 days-72

-do- NCR hours hours -do- -do-

Local Traffic NCR Within 24 Traffic court (if any) 3-5 days
Ordinances hours prosecutors office -do- -do-

Chartered cities Within 24 3 days/72

-do- outside NCR hours -do- hours -do- -do-

Municipalities Within 24 Prosecutor/municip

-do- hours al court -do- -do- -do-

STEPS IN TRAFFIC CITATION

04/07/21 05:11 200
 TRAFFIC WARNING

• An enforcement action which does not

contemplate possible assessment of penalty
by the court or otherwise as a result of
warning alone.

04/07/21 05:11 201

 TYPES OF TRAFFIC WARNING
• VISUAL WARNING

- usually used when you have observed a

minor violation but are more importantly
occupied at a moment.

04/07/21 05:11 202

• VERBAL WARNING
- A form of safety education.

• WRITTEN WARNING
- combination of verbal warning and
citation. It gives the spirit of verbal warning
in the form of citation.

NEXT

04/07/21 05:11 203

 ROAD CHECK

• Another enforcement activity where it

involve the conducting of actual inspection of
vehicles, and motorists on the road.

04/07/21 05:11 204

 OBJECTIVE OF ROAD CHECK
• Detect and inspect:
– Faulty vehicle equipment
– Registration and licensing violations
– Intoxicated drivers
– The load or cargo of commercial transportation
vehicle for weight.

04/07/21 05:11 205

04/07/21 05:11 206
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
 COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES
• ACCIDENT- the occurrence in a sequence of
events which usually produces unintended
injury, death or property damage.

• TRAFFIC ACCIDENT- an accident involving

travel transportation on a traffic way.

04/07/21 05:11 208

 MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

• Events resulting in unintended injury or

property damage attributable directly or
indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or
its load.

04/07/21 05:11 209

 Included are:
• Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas
• Fires
• Explosion
• Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in
motion
• Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train
or street car on stationary rails or tracks
• Failure of any part of the vehicle while in motion.

04/07/21 05:11 210

 Excluded are:
• Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or
water-craft in motion
• Injury or damage due to cataclysms (flood or
sudden physical change of the earth surface)
• Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not
under its power is being loaded on or unloaded
from another conveyance.

04/07/21 05:11 211

• KEY EVENT
- An event on the road which characterizes
the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle
traffic accident.

• DEBRIS
- Scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish,
dust and other materials left at the scene of
the accident caused by a collision.

04/07/21 05:11 212

• SKID MARKS

- these are marks left on the roadway by tires

which are not free to rotate, usually because
brakes are applied strong and wheels locked.

04/07/21 05:11 213

• IMPACT
- striking of one body against another or a
collision of a motor vehicle with another
motor vehicle.

• CONTACT DAMAGE
- Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct
pressure of some foreign object in a collision
or roll over.
- indicated by striation, rub-off of material or
puncture.
04/07/21 05:11 214
• FACTOR
- any circumstances contributing to a result
without which the result would not have
occurred or it is an element necessary to
produce the result, but not by itself sufficient.

• PRIMARY CAUSE
- A misnomer loosely applied to the most
obvious or easily explained factor in the cause
of an accident or the most easily modified
condition factor.

04/07/21 05:11 215

CAUSE
- The combination of simultaneous and
sequential factors without any one of which
result could not have occurred.
ATTRIBUTE
- any inherent characteristics of a road, a
vehicle or a person that affects the
probability of a traffic accident.
MODIFIER
- a circumstance that alters an attribute
permanently or temporarily.
04/07/21 05:11 216
 KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
• MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

04/07/21 05:11 217

 NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT

• ANY TRAFFIC ACCIDENT OCCURING ON A

TRAFFIC WAY INVOLVING PERSONS USING
TRAFFIC WAY OR TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION,
BUT NOT INVOVLING A MOTOR VEHICLE IN
MOTION.

I.E. Pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way

04/07/21 05:11 218

 MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT

• ANY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT WHICH

OCCURS ENTIRELY IN ANY PLACE OTHER
THAN A TRAFFIC WAY

i.e. Accident on a private driveway

04/07/21 05:11 219

 MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• ANY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT OCCURRING

ON A TRAFFIC WAY.

i.e. collision between automobiles on a

highway.

04/07/21 05:11 220

 CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE
ACCIDENT ACCDG. TO KEY EVENT

• RUNNING OFF THE ROADWAY

• NON-COLLISION ON ROAD
• COLLISION ON ROAD

04/07/21 05:11 221

• RUNNING OFF ROAD

- Characterized by a motor vehicle falling on

the roadside or on a cliff along mountainous
roads.

04/07/21 05:11 222

• NON-COLLISION ON ROAD

- DOES NOT involve any collision, an example

of which is overturning.

04/07/21 05:11 223

COLLISION ON ROAD

- includes all forms of accident as long as there

is collision.
Motor vehicle colliding with:
- pedestrian
- other motor vehicle in traffic
- parked motor vehicle
- railroad train
-bicycle
- Fixed object
- Other object
04/07/21 05:11 224
 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT
ACCDG. TO SEVERITY

• PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT

• SLIGHT
• NON-FATAL INJURY ACCIDENT
• LESS SERIOUS
• SERIOUS
• FATAL

04/07/21 05:11 225

 PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT

• THERE is no fatal or injury to an person but

only damage to the motor vehicle or to other
property including injury to animals.

04/07/21 05:11 226

 SLIGHT

• Only slight damages to

properties

04/07/21 05:11 227

 NON-FATAL INJURY ACCIDENT

• This results to injuries other than fatal to

one or more persons.

04/07/21 05:11 228

LESS SERIOUS
- Only less serious injuries to
persons
SERIOUS
-Serious injuries to persons
FATAL
- Results to death to one or more
persons
04/07/21 05:11 229
04/07/21 05:11 230
 CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS

• SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS
• SEQUENTIAL FACTORS
• OPERATIONAL FACTORS
• PERCEPTION FACTORS

04/07/21 05:11 231

 SIMULTANEOUS

- Road condition
- Driver’s attitude or behavior
- Weather condition

04/07/21 05:11 232

 SEQUENTIAL FACTORS

Includes but not limited to the ffg:

- Speed is greater or less than safe

- defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction)

04/07/21 05:11 233

 OPERATIONAL FACTORS
• Functional failure of the highway
transportation system that contribute to the
cause of traffic accident

i.e.
- road hazards
-driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules
and regulations.

04/07/21 05:11 234

 PERCEPTION FACTORS

• Driver’s inability to react promptly to a

situation
• Driver's faulty action to escape collision
course

04/07/21 05:11 235

 PERCEPTION O START OF EVASI
F HAZARD VE ACTION
CH
AIN
A OF INITIAL CONT
VE E ACT
H V
INJURY TR IC EN
A F U L TS
FI AR IN
C
MAXIMUM ENG
AGEMENT

STOPPING DISENGAGEMENT

04/07/21 05:11 236

 PERCEPTION OF HAZARDS

• SEEING, feeling, or hearing and

understanding the usual or unexpected
movement or condition that could be taken
as sign of the accident about to happen.

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 START OF EVASIVE ACTION

• The first action taken by a traffic unit to

escape from a collision course or otherwise
avoid a hazard

04/07/21 05:11 238

 INITIAL CONTACT

• The first accidental touching of an object

collision course or otherwise avoids hazard.

04/07/21 05:11 239

 MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT

• The greatest collapse or overlap in a collision.

The force between the traffic unit and the
object collided with are greatest at maximum
engagement.

04/07/21 05:11 240

 DISENGAGEMENT

• The separation of a traffic unit in motion

from an object with which it has collided. The
force between the object ceases at this time.

04/07/21 05:11 241

 STOPPING

• This is when the traffic units involved come

to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident
situation.

04/07/21 05:11 242

 INJURY
• The receiving of bodily harm.

• It may also happen right after the evasive

action taken by the drivers involved or during
the initial contact.

04/07/21 05:11 243

04/07/21 05:11 244
 OTHER EVENTS THAT MAY OCCUR

• POINT OF POSSIBLE PERCEPTION

• POINT OF NO ESCAPE
• PERCEPTION DELAY
• FINAL POSITION

04/07/21 05:11 245

 POINT OF POSSIBLE PERCEPTION

• THE place and time of which the hazard could

have been perceived by a normal person. It
precedes actual perception and is the
beginning of perception delay.

04/07/21 05:11 246

 POINT OF POSSIBLE
PERCEPTION

B
A

04/07/21 05:11 247

 POINT OF NO ESCAPE

• The place and time after or beyond which the

accident cannot be prevented by the traffic
unit under consideration.

04/07/21 05:11 248

 POINT OF NO ESCAPE

B
A

04/07/21 05:11 249

 PERCEPTION DELAY

• The time from the point of possible

perception to actual perception.

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 FINAL POSITION

• The place and the time when objects

involved in an accident finally come to rest
without application of power.

04/07/21 05:11 251

FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

• REPORTING
• AT-SCENE INVESTIGATION
• TECHNICAL PREPARATION
• PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
• CAUSE ANALYSIS

04/07/21 05:11 252

 Involves data collection to identify and
classify a motor vehicle, traffic and persons,
property and planned movements involved.

Involves all action taken by the investigator at

the scene of the crime or accident.

Involves delayed traffic accident data

collection and organization for study and
interpretation.

Involves efforts to determine from whatever

information is available, how the accident
happened.

Usually involves final analysis on the causes

of accident which are basis for the
prevention of similar accident.
04/07/21 05:11 253
 HIT-AND -RUN
INVESTIGATION

OVER VIEW
• Evading responsibility is a term commonly
applied to a traffic accident in which the
driver fails to comply with any of the duties
required by sec. 55 of Ra 4136.

(Unless it fall under the ffg. Exceptions)

04/07/21 05:11 255

 ELEMENTS OF HIT-AND-RUN
• Suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of
the accident
• Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in
death, personal injury or damage to property
• Failure to do the specified duties under sec. 55
of RA 4136
• Suspect has knowledge of the accident.

04/07/21 05:11 256

 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
• The driver who flees the scene of an accident
is not necessarily the driver responsible for
the accident. His reasons for flight are often
more important than the simple evasion of
responsibility.

04/07/21 05:11 257

• The hit-and-run driver often will report the
damage to his own vehicle as having been
the result of another hit-and-run accident in
which some “other mysterious driver” fled
without identifying himself.
• Similarly, it is not unusual for the hit-and-run
driver to abandon his vehicle and then report
it stolen as means of covering up his
involvement in the accident.

04/07/21 05:11 258

 THE HIT-AND-RUN OPERATOR
• APPREHENSIVE-PANIC DRIVER, FEARFUL
DRIVER

- intoxicated drivers, without license, no

insurance, his companion in the car is not
his/her mate, stolen car or goods in car;
leaving scene of another crime; or wanted for
crime.

04/07/21 05:11 259

• PROJECTIONIST-PROJECTS GUILT

- sits as a judge and jury, tries the case

himself, finds the other driver at fault refuses
to be a party to the accident and drives off as
the offended person

04/07/21 05:11 260

• SNEAK OPERATOR

- this involves minor property-damage

only accidents like one that smashes a fender
and smashes grillwork in his daily
occupational activities and chalks up his
action as the calculated risk shared by all
vehicle owners who place their vehicles on
the roadway.

04/07/21 05:11 261

04/07/21 05:11 262
 SKIDMARKS

TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

INVESTIGATION
 SKIDMARK

• THE result of the sudden application of

brakes which results in the locked wheel
condition places great pressure between the
brake shoe and the brake drum that the
frictional force at this point becomes greater
than the frictional force between the tire and
the road surface.

04/07/21 05:11 264

 As a TOOL
• Measurement of the skid marks gives idea on
how fast the car which left theses marks going
prior to the accident.

• Estimates of speed based on skid marks may

lead to convictions; or knowing how to estimate
speed correctly may help to keep an innocent
person from being convicted.

04/07/21 05:11 265

 OTHER TIRE MARKS

• CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARK

- a marking on the road left by a rotating tire

and wheel of a speeding vehicle on a curve.

04/07/21 05:11 266

• IMPENDING SKID MARKS

- caused by the forward rotation of the

wheels being slower than the forward
movement of the vehicle.

- the shadowy beginning of a skid mark along

the approach of the vehicle

04/07/21 05:11 267

• YAWN MARKS

- scuffmark made while a vehicle is

yawning the mark made on the road by a
rotating tire which is slipping in a direction
parallel to the axle of the wheel.

04/07/21 05:11 268

• SKIP MARKS

- a braking skid mark interrupted at a

frequent regular intervals; skid mark made
by a bouncing wheel on which brakes keep
the wheel from turning.

04/07/21 05:11 269

• GAP MARK

- a braking skid mark which is interrupted

by release and reapplication of brakes or
which terminates by release of brakes before
collision.

04/07/21 05:11 270

• SIDE SKID MARKS (SCUFF MARK)

- a roadway marking left by the tire and

wheel of a vehicle sliding sideways as a result
of force other than centrifugal force.

04/07/21 05:11 271

 OTHER MARKS AND IMPRESSION
LEFT BY A MOTOR VEHICLE EITHER
ON THE ROAD SURFACE OR ON THE
OTHER MOTOR VEHICLE
RUTS
- A sunken track worn by a wheel, as in road,
hence, a groove forming a path for anything.

GOUGE
- a groove made by a hard part of a motor
vehicle to another car after side sweeping
each other.

04/07/21 05:11 273

PAINT STRIPS

- when a vehicle collided with other object, it

sometimes transfers its paint to the other
object.

04/07/21 05:11 274

 Does skid marks show all of the
speed?

• No, they show only how far the car would

have had to slide to stop in the distance
shown by skid marks.

04/07/21 05:11 275

• In cases wherein you can not find any skid
marks to estimate the approximate speed of
a motor vehicle, what will you use to help
you in determining such speed?

EXTENT OF DAMAGE (WRECKAGE)

04/07/21 05:11 276

 What are the most important things
to consider in determining the
skidding distance?
A. Speed itself
B. Slipperiness of the pavement
C. Grade or slope of the road
D. All of the above
E. B and C only

04/07/21 05:11 277

 OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING
SKIDDING
• Brake pedal • Road surface
pressure • Direction of slides
• Weight of the car • Temperature of
• Tire thread the air and the
• Air pressure road surface
• Tire material • Against head wind

04/07/21 05:11 278

 TERMS TO PONDER
• COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OR DRAG FACTOR
- measurement of the maximum frictional
resistance of pavements.
- it is equal to the force exerted when the
wheels are skidding divided by the weight of
the car.

04/07/21 05:11 279

• REACTION TIME
- the distance traveled before applying the
brakes
• GRADIENT/GRADE OR SLOPE
- the degree of inclination or declination of
the road.

04/07/21 05:11 280

LIABILITIES ARISING FROM
VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS

ART 1172, PHILIPPINE CIVIL CODE

 THE THREE KINDS OF CULPA

• CULPA CONTRACTUAL
• CULPA AQUILIANA
• CULPA CRIMINAL

04/07/21 05:11 282

 LIABILITIES arising from contractual negligence or
that which results in a breach of a contract.

• Negligence is merely incidental, incident to

the performance of an obligation already
existing because of a contract.
• There is a pre-existing obligation- a contract,
either expressed or implied.
• Proof needed – preponderance of evidence

04/07/21 05:11 283

• Defense of “good father in the family” in the
selection and the supervision of employees is not a
proper and complete defense though this may
mitigate damages, here we follow the rule of
“respondeat superior or command responsibility”
or the “master and servant rule”.

• As long as it is proved that there is a contract, and

that it was not carried out, it is presumed that the
debtor is at fault, and it is his duty to prove that
there was no negligence in carrying out the terms of
the contract.

04/07/21 05:11 284

 LIABILITY is a result of civil negligence or tort or
quasi-delict.

• Negligence is direct, substantive and

independent.
• No pre-existing obligation (except of course
the duty to be careful in all human actuations)
• Proof needed- preponderance of evidence

04/07/21 05:11 285

• Defense of “good father, etc.” is proper and
complete defense insofar as employers or
guardians are concerned.
• Ordinarily, the victim has to prove the negligence
of the defendant. This is because his action is
based on alleged negligence on the part of the
defendant.

04/07/21 05:11 286

LIABILITY caused by criminal negligence or that which
results in the commission of a crime or delict.

• Negligence is direct, substantive and

independent of a contract
• No pre-existing obligation (except the duty-
never to harm others)
• Proof needed- proof of guilt beyond
reasonable doubt.

04/07/21 05:11 287

• “Defense of good father, etc” is not a proper
defense. Here, the employees guilt is
automatically the employer's civil guilt if the
former is insolvent.
• Accused is presumed innocent until the
contrary is proved. Hence, prosecution has
the burden of proving the negligence of the
accused.

04/07/21 05:11 288

“AS A RULE…HE (OR SHE) WHO HAS THE MOST
INFORMATION WILL HAVE THE GREATEST
SUCCESS IN LIFE”

- Disraeli

04/07/21 05:11 289

 NEVER INSULT YOUR INTELLIGENCE
BY GIVING OUT A SECOND RATE
PERFORMANCE. . .YOU WERE BORN
TO Become WINNERs!!!

04/07/21 05:11 290

 I asked for a flower

04/07/21 05:11 291

 I got a garden

04/07/21 05:11 292

 I asked for a tree…

04/07/21 05:11 293

 I got a forest.

04/07/21 05:11 294

 I asked for a river...

04/07/21 05:11 295

 I got a sea.

04/07/21 05:11 296

 I asked for a friend…

04/07/21 05:11 297

And I got…
- you !!!

04/07/21 05:11
Kal
298
04/07/21 05:11 299
END OF PRESENTATION

THANK YOU!!!

GOOD LUCK AND GOD

BLESS!!!

- SKYWALKER/2011