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Concrete Samples
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Concrete Samples
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Failure Samples
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Formwork Design
• A form is a mold to hold the concrete in its proper place until
it is strong enough to hold itself.
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Formwork Samples
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Formwork Samples
Bringing structures to life
Formwork Samples
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Formwork Samples
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Formwork Samples
PLYWOOD
WALER
SOLDIER
TIE
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Basic Formwork Design
• Concrete Pressure on wall formwork
• Determination of Waler Spacing (Secondary Support,
Joist)
• Determination of Soldier Spacing (Primary Support)
• Determination of location of ties (for 2 sided forms)
and anchors if needed.
• Checking against allowable bending / stresses.
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Concrete Pressure
Basis of calculation of concrete pressure is derived from CIRIA (Construction
Industry Research and Information Association) Report No. 108
Bringing structures to life
Concrete Pressure
Basis of calculation of concrete pressure is derived from CIRIA (Construction
Industry Research and Information Association) Report No. 108
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Concrete Pressure
Basis of calculation of concrete pressure is derived from ACI 347-04
Or Pmax = ɣh ; ɣ= 23.50KN/m3
where: ɣ is the density of concrete and h is the height of form.
>
Slump <175mm; Vibration depth <1.20m; R < 2.10m/hr.; h <4.20m
>
Slump <175mm; Vibration depth <
1.20m; R = 2.10-4.50m/hr.; h > 4.20m
R <2.20m/hr.; h > 4.20m
>
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Concrete Pressure
Basis of calculation of concrete pressure is derived from ACI 347-04
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Concrete Pressure
• Concrete pressure - 7 Factors :-
– The concrete density
– The shape of the form
– Type of concrete (concrete mix design) used
– Concrete temperature
– Form height
– Rate of rise
– Vibration (increases the viscosity of the concrete)
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Formwork Shape
• Field tests show that greater concrete pressure occurs in
pours which are small on plan
• Plan shapes determines if the poured structure is a column or
wall.
• Columns are defined as any structure when both plan
dimensions are smaller than 2000mm. All other structures
are walls
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Formwork Shape
0.5m 0.5m
1.9m
2.5m
4m
4m
Column Wall
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Type of Concrete
• Chemicals or additives in the concrete mix
e.g. Plasticizers may affect the concrete pressure on the formwork.
• Chemicals with a retarding effect can result in a high concrete pour acting
hydrostatically with a dramatic increase in the concrete pressure
OPC – Ordinary Portland Cement
RHPC – Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
SRPC – Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
LHPBFC – Low Heat Portland Blast Furnace Cement
PBFC – Portland Blast Furnace Cement
PPFAC – Portland Pulverized Fuel Ash Cement
ggbfs – Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slug
pfa – Pulverized Fuel Ash
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Temperature
• As the weather becomes warmer concrete goes
solid in a shorter time, than when the weather is
cold.
• Flow of concrete in warm weather is more difficult
than in cold i.e. the pressure is lower.
• A temperature change from 15º C to 5º C can
result in a 50% increase in pressure for the same
pour.
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Height of Formwork
• Low concrete pours say up to
2000mm high usually act 2m
1m
hydrostatically.
25mPa 50mPa
• Higher concrete pours display a
pressure pressure
more complex pressure distribution
which is lower than hydrostatic
• The impact resulting from dropping
the concrete from a height can
increase the pressure on the
formwork.
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Rate of Rise
• If concrete is poured into the form quickly, there is a
greater head of fluid concrete in the form than if
more time is taken
• We need to determine the rate at which the
concrete rises up the formwork in metres per hour
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Rate of Rise
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Rate of Rise
Maximum Pressure Envelope
Module 6, Page 24
Maximum Pressure Envelope
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Rate of Rise
Maximum Pressure Envelope
Module 6, Page 25
Maximum Pressure Envelope
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Rate of Rise
Maximum Pressure Envelope
Module 6, Page 26
Maximum Pressure Envelope
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Rate of Rise
Maximum Pressure Envelope
Module 6, Page 27
Maximum Pressure Envelope
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Rate of Rise
Maximum Pressure Envelope
Module 6, Page 28
Maximum Pressure Envelope
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Rate of Rise
Maximum Pressure Envelope
Module 6, Page 29
Maximum Pressure Envelope
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Rate of Rise
Quick to fill
Maximum Pressure Envelope
Slow to fill
Module 6, Page 30
Maximum Pressure Envelope
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Effect of Vibrator
• CIRIA 108 onlyapplies where internal poker vibrators are used
i.e. poker inserted in top layer of concrete only
• Deep vibration will cause the concrete to act as a fluid
increasing pressure considerably
• Prolonged vibration causes very high local pressure
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How to Use an Internal Vibrator
• Insertions should be made at intervals not greater than 8 to 10 times the poker
diameter
• Walls, columns and beams, insertions spaced at 200–300 mm.
• The poker can be inserted quickly but should be withdrawn slowly, particularly near
the surface.
• Systematically with closely spaced insertions will produce concrete of high density,
high strength and with very good surface finish.
• Impermeable form faces such as steel and plastic-faced plywoods needed more
vibration than ordinary plywood forms.
• The concrete should be placed in horizontal layers 300–600 mm deep and vibrated as
above with the poker penetrating at least 100 mm into the previously vibrated layer to
give satisfactory bond between 2-layers and prevent cold joints.
• When vibrating thin slabs, the poker will have to be held at an angle or even
horizontally, in order to achieve adequate contact between tube and concrete.
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How to Use an Internal Vibrator
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Single Sided Formwork
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Single Sided Formwork
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Failure Samples
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Failure Samples
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Failure Samples
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Sample Calculation
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Sample Calculation
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Sample Calculation
Bringing structures to life
Sample Calculation
Bringing structures to life
Sample Calculation
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Basic Formwork Design
Bringing structures to life
