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Residual Stresses and Distortion

This document discusses residual stresses and distortion in welds. It explains that residual stresses and distortion are caused by uneven heating and cooling during welding. Higher heat inputs and increased restraint can respectively increase or decrease residual stress and distortion. The residual stress pattern in an unrestrained weld typically involves tension near the weld bead and compression farther away. Various types of distortion are also described such as transverse shrinkage, longitudinal shrinkage, angular change, rotational distortion, longitudinal bending, and buckling. Methods to eliminate distortion include presetting members, using fixtures, and performing a stress-relief heat treatment.

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Adhanom G.
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205 views15 pages

Residual Stresses and Distortion

This document discusses residual stresses and distortion in welds. It explains that residual stresses and distortion are caused by uneven heating and cooling during welding. Higher heat inputs and increased restraint can respectively increase or decrease residual stress and distortion. The residual stress pattern in an unrestrained weld typically involves tension near the weld bead and compression farther away. Various types of distortion are also described such as transverse shrinkage, longitudinal shrinkage, angular change, rotational distortion, longitudinal bending, and buckling. Methods to eliminate distortion include presetting members, using fixtures, and performing a stress-relief heat treatment.

Uploaded by

Adhanom G.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Residual Stresses and Distortion

Residual Stresses and Distortion Learning Activities


1. Read Handbook
Lesson Objectives pp 218-229
When you finish this lesson you will 2. View Slides;
understand: 3. Read Notes,
• the generation of residual stress and 4. Listen to lecture
distortion in welds 5. Do on-line
• mechanisms to reduce residual stress workbook

Keywords
Thermal Expansion Coefficient, Residual Stress, Distortion,
Stress-Relief
Welding Design
Welding design involves consideration
of strength requirements, cost, and
service conditions
– Mechanical & Physical properties Covered
– Joint Design Earlier

– Welding stress and distortion

0.1.1.3.0.T1.95.12
  T
Residual Stress and Distortion

Residual Stress & Distortion in Welds


• Heat flows from the weld area and causing
the joint area to expand (See Previous Module)
• Thermal expansion and contraction due to
welding can leave behind permanent stress
and distortion
• Higher heat input welds are more prone to
residual stress and distortion
• Increased restraint can decrease distortion
but can result in higher residual stress
0.1.1.3.3.T18.95.12
Residual Stress and Distortion

Residual Stress Pattern


• Residual stress is
present across an
unrestrained butt weld
after cooling
Tension • Tension near weld bead
• Compression away
from the weld bead
• Restraint can affect this
Compression stress state
Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.):
• We have seen from the metallurgy module that dislocation
tangles and pile-ups occurring above the yield strength of
materials cause the higher stresses. We have seen here that
by a temperature cycle that varies across the plate we have
regions that yield and residual stresses occur. We have seen
that imposing operating stresses above yield cause changes
in the residual stress distribution by movement of the
dislocations. How else then might we get rid of some of
these dislocations to remove these residual stresses?
Residual Stress and Distortion

Types of Distortion

0.1.1.3.3.T19.95.12
Residual Stress and Distortion
Distortion

Transverse Shrinkage Longitudinal Shrinkage Angular Change

Rotational Distortion Longitudinal Bending Buckling


Residual Stress and Distortion
Eliminating Distortion

• Preset members to
counteract distortion
Angular distortion after welding • Fixtures to clamp
workpiece in place
– Restraint reduces
distortion but increases
residual stress
• Stress-relief heat
Preset members before welding
treatment

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