EDN 132

NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
WINDOWS SERVER

CHAPTER 3
IP
IP Address
Address and
and Subnetting
Subnetting

PREPARED BY:
ZOHAIR IHSAN

SCHOOL OF NETWORKING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting
Objectives
TOPIC

 Understanding of IP Address.

 Learn about different class of IP Address.

 What is subnet mask.

 How subnetting is used.

 Conversion of Binary to Decimal IP Addresses.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

TOPIC

Computer only understand 0 or 1

0 OFF

1 ON
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Bits and Bytes

TOPIC

Bit:
One digit, either 0 or 1
Byte:
8 bit combination of 0 or 1.
also called an octet.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Decimal Conversion of an Octet of Binary Number

TOPIC

 Each unique combination of 8 bits (in an octet) can be

converted to a unique decimal number
 Each bit position has a decimal value assigned to it
 Lets call it a weight for an easy understanding

Respective Bits 2^n (2 power n)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Respective Weights

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Example
TOPIC

• An 8 bit number
• Assign weights to bit positions
• Weights Are Specific to Bit Positions
• if the bit is zero—the value of the bit is zero
• if the bit is one—the bit has the value of the decimal conversion

Bit Positions
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
64 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 89
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

IP Addressing
TOPIC

Internet Protocol (IP)

A unique identifier for a host, or node, on
an IP network
32-bit binary number, usually expressed
as 4 “dotted decimal” values.
Each decimal value represents 8 bits, in
the range of 0 to 255

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Example
TOPIC

140
140.179.220.200
179 220 200
Written in binary form:
140 . 179 . 220 . 200

10001100. 10110011. 11011100. 11001000

The IP address in the decimal form but
computer sees it in the binary form
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Example
TOPIC

An we discuss earlier that octet is made up of

eight “1”s and “0”s, representing the following
values:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

So from the IP address 140.179.220.200 the

value of 140 :
Bit Positions
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
128 + 8 + 4 = 140
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Example
TOPIC

From the IP address 140.179.220.200 the value of 179 :

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 00 1 1
128 + 0 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 0+ 2+ 1= 179

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

IP Address Classes
TOPIC

 There are 5 different address classes.

 Only 3 are in commercial use at this time.
 You can determine the class of the address by
looking at the first 4 bits of the IP address:
Class A begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal
Class B begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal
Class C begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal
Class D begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal
Class E begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Private and Public Addresses

TOPIC

 In each address classes, there are some private and

public addresses.
 Private address are assigned to computers within a
LAN or network.
 Public address are assigned to the computers on
the Internet:
Class A from 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Private and Public Addresses

TOPIC

Private and Public Addresses

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Network vs. Host

TOPIC

Every IP address has 2 parts:

1 identifying the network it resides on
1 identifying the host, or node, address on the
network

The class of the address and the subnet mask

determine which part belongs to the network
address and which part belongs to the host
address

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

IP Address Breakdown
TOPIC

The class of the address determines, by default,

which part is for the network (N) and which part
belongs to the node (n)

Class A: NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
Class B: NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
Class C: NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Example
TOPIC

140.179.220.200
Our example is a Class B address
By default, the Network part of the address is
defined by the first 2 octets: 140.179.x.x
By default, the node part of the address is defined
by the last 2 octets: x.x.220.200

Network part of the address is also known as the

Network Address
Node part of the address is also known as the
Host Address
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Two Reserved Addresses on a Subnet

TOPIC

In order to specify the Network Address of a

given IP address, the node portion is set to all
“0”s:
140.179.0.0

If all the bits in the node portion are set to

“1”s, then this specifies the Broadcast
Address that is sent to all nodes on the
network:
140.179.255.255
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Subnet Mask
TOPIC

 Subnet masks are applied to an IP address to identify the

Network portion and the node portion of the address.

 Your computer performs a bitwise logical AND operation

between the address and the subnet mask in order to find
the Network Address or number.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Default Subnet Masks

TOPIC

Class A - 255.0.0.0
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class B - 255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Class C - 255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Subnetteing
TOPIC

Subnetting an IP network can be done for various

reasons including:
 Organization
 Use of different physical media
 Preservation of address space
 Security
 Control network traffic

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Logical Bitwise AND Operation

TOPIC

Remember our example?

140.179.240.200
It’s a Class B, so the subnet mask is:
255.255.0.0

We need to look at this as our computer

does so we can perform the bitwise AND...

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Logical Bitwise AND Operation

TOPIC

140.179.220.200 Class B address

255.255.0.0 Subnet Mask

In Binary:
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000

By doing this, the computer has found that our Network

Address is 140.179.0.0

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Activity
TOPIC

Suppose we have an IP address 206.15.143.89

What class is it?

Class C
What is the subnet mask?
255.255.255.0
What is the Network Address?
206.15.143.0
What is the host portion of the address?
0.0.0.89
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Why to create more network addresses?

TOPIC

If you have a Class C network, how many individual node

addresses can you have?

1 to 254
 Remember, you can’t have all “0”s and all “1”s in the node portion of the
address.

 So we cannot use 206.25.143.0 (all “0”s) or 206.25.143.255 (all “1”s) as a

node address.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Why to create more network addresses?

TOPIC

 So we have 1 Class C Network (206.15.143.0)

 And we have 254 node address (1 to 254) Example
 But what if our LAN has 5 networks in it and each network has no more
than 30 nodes on it?
 Do we apply for 4 more Class C licenses, so we have one for each
network?
 We would be wasting 224 addresses on each network, a total of 1120
addresses.

What do you think is this a problem?

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Why Subnetting?
TOPIC

 Subnetting is a way of taking an existing class license and

breaking it down to create more Network.
 This will always reduce the number of node addresses for a
given network.
 Subnetting makes more efficient use of the address or
addresses assigned to you.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

How Does Subnetting Work?

TOPIC

 Additional bits can be added (changed from 0 to 1) to the

subnet mask to further subnet, or breakdown, a network.
 When the logical AND is done by the computer, the result
will give it a new Network (or Subnet) Address.
 Remember, an address of all “0”s or all “1”s cannot be used
in the last octet (or node portion). All “0”s signify the
Network Address and all “1”s signify the broadcast address.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

How Does Subnetting Work?

TOPIC

 We ask our ISP for a Class C license.

 They give us the Class C bank of 206.15.143.0

 This gives us 1 Network (206.15.143.0) with the potential
for 254 node addresses (206.15.143.1 to 206.15.143.254).
 But we have a LAN made up of 5 Networks with the largest
one serving 25 nodes.
 So we need to Subnet our 1 IP address

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

So How Does This Work?

TOPIC

To calculate the number of subnets (networks) and/or nodes,

we need to do some math:

Use the formula 2n-2

where the n can represent either how many subnets
(networks) needed OR how many nodes per subnet
needed.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

How Does Subnetting Work?

TOPIC

 We know we need at least 5 subnets. So 23-2 will give us 6

subnet addresses (Network Addresses).
 We know we need at least 25 nodes per network. 25-2 will
give us 30 nodes per subnet (network).
 This will work, because we can steal the first 3 bits from the
node’s portion of the address to give to the network portion
and still have 5 (8-3) left for the node portion:

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Making Subnets
TOPIC

As we have a Class C address 206.15.143.0:

NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn

With a Subnet mask of:

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255 .255 .255 .0

We need to steal 3 bits from the node portion to give it to the

Network portion:
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn
NNNnnnnn

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Making Subnets
TOPIC

NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNnnnnn

This will change our subnet mask to the following:

11111111.11111111.11111111.
11100000
255 .255
To .255subnet mask
compute new .224
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128 + 64 + 32 + 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 0= 224

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

TOPIC

As we are using the first 3 bits for our subnet mask, we can
configure them into eight different ways (binary form):

1) 0 0 0
2) 0 0 1
3) 0 1 0
4) 0 1 1
5) 1 0 0
6) 1 0 1
7) 1 1 0
8) 1 1 1

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

What address is what?

TOPIC

Eight
As possible
discuss combinations
earlier usinguse
that we cannot theall
3 “0”s
bits or all “1”s

1) 0 0 0
2) 0 0 1
3) 0 1 0
4) 0 1 1
5) 1 0 0
6) 1 0 1
7) 1 1 0
8) 1 1 1

We are left with 6 useable network numbers.

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

TOPIC

1) 0 0 0
2) 0 0 1
3) 0 1 0
4) 0 1 1
5) 1 0 0
6) 1 0 1
7) 1 1 0
8) 1 1 1

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Network (Subnet) Addresses

TOPIC

Remember our values:

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Equals
Now our 3 bit configurations:
0 0 1 n n n n n 32
0 1 0 n n n n n 64
0 1 1 n n n n n 96
1) 0 0 10 0 0 n n n n n 128
1 0 1 n n n n n 160
2) 0 0 1 1 1 0 n n n n n 192
3) 0 1 0
4) 0 1 1
5) 1 0 0
6) 1 0 1
7) 1 1 0
8) 1 1 1
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Network (Subnet) Addresses

TOPIC

0 0 1 n n n n n 32
0 1 0 n n n n n 64
0 1 1 n n n n n 96
1 0 0 n n n n n 128
1 0 1 n n n n n 160
1 1 0 n n n n n 192

Each of these numbers becomes the Network Address of

their subnet...

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Network (Subnet) Addresses

TOPIC

License Class C IP 206.15.143.0

206.15.143.32

206.15.143.64
After subnetting
206.15.143.96
206.15.143.128

206.15.143.160
206.15.143.192

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Node Address
TOPIC

The device assigned the first address will receive the first
number AFTER the network address shown before.

206.15.143.33 or 32+1

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

And the last address in the Network will look like this:
206.15.143.62

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
*Remember, we cannot use all “1”s, that is the broadcast
address (206.15.143.63)

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Node Address
TOPIC

The next network will start at 206.15.143.64

The first IP address on this subnet network will receive:
206.15.143.65

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
And the last address in the Network will receive:
206.15.143.94

0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
*Remember, the broadcast address (206.15.143.95)

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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

Can you figure out the rest?

TOPIC

Network: Host Range

206.15.143.32
206.15.143.33 to 206.15.143.62
206.15.143.64
206.15.143.65 to 206.15.143.94
206.15.143.96
206.15.143.97 to 206.15.143.126
206.15.143.128
206.15.143.129 to 206.15.143.158
206.15.143.160
206.15.143.161 to 206.15.143.190
206.15.143.192
206.15.143.193 to 206.15.143.222
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CHAPTER 3: IP Address and Subnetting

How the computer finds the Network Address:

TOPIC

206.15.143.89 An address on the subnet

225.225.225.224 The new subnet mask

When the computer does the Logical Bitwise AND Operation it will
come up with the following Network Address (or Subnet Address):

11001000.00001111.10001111.01011001 = 206.15.143.89
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 = 255.255.255.224
11001000.00001111.10001111.01000000 = 206.15.143.64

(Network) This address falls on our 2nd Subnet (Network)

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