Japanese Occupation

- Postmodern
• The Pacific became an arena of a global
war.
• December 8, 1941: Japanese attacked
Pearl Harbor, mightiest US naval base in
Hawaii.
• Japanese air squadrons swept Philippine
skies.
• January 2, 1942: Japanese invaders
entered Manila.
FALL OF BATAAN AND
CORREGIDOR
American and Filipino soldiers captured by
the Japanese
• March 11, 1942: MacArthur, his family, military
staff and two naval officers left Corregidor and
escaped to Australia. On March 17, 1942,
immediately after landing at Bachelor Field, he
told the world “I came through and I shall
return.”
• April 10, 1942 (“Infamous Death March”):
Surrendered Filipino-American troops were
forced to march for five days from Mariveles,
Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga, and
transported by railway to concentration camp
in Capas, Tarlac (56,000 survivors, 27,000
died in camp)
• May 6, 1942: the full complete fall of the
Philippines to Japanese command as
Corregidor fell. Nearly 12,000 Fil-American
soldiers were taken captive.
• On January 3, 1942, Gen. Homma created the
Military Administration for the purpose of
supervising the political, economic and
cultural affairs of the conquered land, headed
by a Director General.

JAPANESE MILITARY
ADMINISTRATION
 PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE
COMMISSION (PEC)
KOMISYONG TAGAPAGPAGANAP
NG PILIPINAS
• General Masaharu Homma dissolved the
Commonwealth of the Philippines and established
the Philippine Executive Commission, a caretaker
government, with Vargas as its first chairman in
January 1942 with other 6 Filipino department
secretaries, namely:
• Benigno S. Aquino (Commissioner of the Interior)
• Antonio de las Alas (Finance)
• Jose P. Laurel (Justice)
• Rafael Alunan (Agriculture & Commerce)
• Claro M. Recto (Education, Health & Public Welfare)
• Quintin Paredes (Public Works & Communication)
SECOND PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
• BEGINNING OF THE
OCCUPATION
• October 14, 1943
FLAG
COAT OF ARMS (EMBLEM)
• STATUS
• Puppet State of the Empire of Japan

• CAPITAL
• Manila (1943-1945)
• Baguio City (1945)

• GOVERNMENT
• Puppet Government
• The third
President of the
Philippines and
the first President
of the Second
Philippine
Republic under
Japan occurred on
October 14, 1943.

President
(1943-1945)
• MILITARY GOVERNOR
• Shigenori Kuroda (1943-1944)
• Tomoyuki Yamashita (1944-1945)

• SPEAKER
• Benigno S. Aquino (1943-1944)

• LEGISLATURE
• National Assembly

• HISTORICAL ERA
• World War II (WWII)
KALIBAPI– KAPISANAN SA
PAGLILINGKOD SA BAGONG
PILIPINAS
Association for Service to the New Philippines
• Formed by Proclamation No. 109 of the
Philippine Executive Commission, a piece of
legislation passed on December 8, 1942,
banning all existing political parties and
creating the new governing alliance.
• Its first director-general was Benigno Aquino,
Sr.
• The pro-Japanese Ganap Party, which saw the
Japanese as the savior of the archipelago, was
absorbed into the KALIBAPI.
• Chief organ of Japanese propaganda. It was officially
created by Chairman Vargas on December 4, 1942. Its
aims were to:
1. Unify the Filipinos in order to extend positive
cooperation to the Japanese military Administration in
the reconstruction of the country.
2. To invigorate in the people Oriental values such as
faith, self-reliance, self-sacrifice and hard work.
3. All Filipinos 18 years old above were encouraged
to join the organization while government employees
were required to be part of it.
• Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō promised to return
independence to the Philippines as part of its
propaganda of Pan-Asianism (Asia for the
Asians).
• September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's
representative groups in the country's
provinces and cities elected from among
themselves fifty-four members of the
Philippine National Assembly, the legislature
of the country, with fifty-four governors and
city mayors.
"Pact of Alliance" was signed between the New
Republic and the Japanese Government that was
ratified by the National Assembly.
• Ganaps
• formerly pro-Japanese Sakdalistas headed by
Benigno Ramos, founder of Sakdal Party
• Palaaks
• members of so-called Bamboo Army
organized in 1943 by Japanese army
• U.N.
• United Nippon was a military organization
drawn from the Ganap party

Collaborators
• Pampars
• Notorious band of Filipino collaborators named
Pambansang Pag-asa ng mga Anak ni Rizal in
Pililla, Rizal in 1943 under Colonel Cristino
Pendon.
• MAKAPILI
• meant Makabayan: Katipunan ng mga Pilipino
which was formally organized on 8 December
1944 with Sakdal leader Benigno Ramos, Pio
Duran and Artemio Ricarte as founding leaders.

Collaborators
• Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and
other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting
in February 1942 in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija.
• They agreed to fight the Japanese as a unified
guerrilla army.
• Taruc was chosen to be the Leader of the group,
with Alejandrino as his right hand man. The
members were simply known as Huks!

HUKBALAHAP
"Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon"
 GEN. DOUGLAS
MACARTHUR RETURNS
• From Australia, Allied forces slowly
advanced toward the Philippines, bombing
several Japanese strongholds until they
regained control of areas previously
occupied by the enemy.
• The bombings began on September 21,
1944, and barely a month later, on
October 20, 1944, the Americans landed
triumphantly in Leyte.
• Once a shore, General Douglas MacArthur
said; "I have Returned."
• The landing was followed (Oct. 23–26);
the battle of Leyte Gulf and the second
battle of the Philippine Sea.
• On July 5, 1945, MacArthur announced
“All the Philippines are now liberated.”
• Fighting continued until Japan's formal
surrender on September 2, 1945.
• SURRENDER OF JAPAN
• September 2, 1945
THIRD REPUBLIC
POSTWAR ERA (1946-1972)
• The Third Republic of the Philippines was
inaugurated on July 4, 1946.
• It marked the culmination of the peaceful
campaign for Philippine Independence.
• Jones Law in 1916 (U.S. Congress pledged
independence for the Philippines once Filipinos
have proven their capability for self-government)
• Philippine Independence Act of 1934
(popularly known as Tydings-McDuffie) which
put in place a ten-year transition period during
which the Philippines had Commonwealth status.
• 1935 Constitution.
• It provided for a presidential and unitary system, where
the elected president will serve for 4 years, maximum
of two terms.
• Bicameral Legislature
• Senate
• House of Representatives
• Supreme Court and lower courts – an independent
judiciary body.
• Electoral and party politics also characterized pre- and
postwar periods.
The Roxas Administration
(1946 – 1948)
The Quirino Administration
(1948-1953)
The Magsaysay Administration
(1953 –1957)
The Garcia Administration
(1957 –1961)
The Macapagal Administration
(1961- 1965)
 FOURTH REPUBLIC
MARTIAL LAW ERA (1965-1986)
FERDINAND MARCOS
• Inaugural address on December 30, 1965,
focused on “the revival of the greatness of the
nation.”
• 1969: He ran for reelection and succeeded,
making him the only president under the 1935
Constitution to be elected for the second term.
• To “save” the Republic from turmoil and to
reform the society, on 23 September 1972, he
declared Martial law.
• the body of law imposed by the military
over civilian affairs (usually in time of war
or civil crisis);
• overrides civil law

Martial Law
• Parliamentary form of government.
• Unicameral National Assembly – Legislative
power
• The President – ceremonial head of state chosen
from amongst the Members of the National
Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-
elected to an unlimited number of terms.
• This constitution was subsequently amended
many times.

1973 Constitution
• The 1976 amendments were:
• an Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) substituting
for the Interim National Assembly;
• the President would also become the Prime
Minister and he would continue to exercise
legislative powers until such time as martial law
was lifted.

1973 Constitution
EDSA PEOPLE POWER
•

Ousted Marcos to end his

dictatorial rule
 FIFTH REPUBLIC
Post – EDSA Period
The 1986 (1987) Freedom Constitution
• President Corazon C. Aquino issued
Proclamation № 3 as a provisional
constitution.
• A national policy to implement the
reforms mandated by the people,
protecting their basic rights, adopting a
provisional constitution, and providing
for an orderly translation to a
government under a new constitution.
• The Constitutional Commission was
composed of fifty members appointed by
Aquino from varied backgrounds including
several former members of the 
House of Representatives, former justices
of the Supreme Court, a Roman Catholic
bishop, and political activists against the
Marcos regime.
• Featured aspects that reflected those of the
1935 Constitution, albeit several changes.
• Governmental powers emanate from the
people.
• Civilian authority was authorized supreme
over the military.
• Independent judiciary
• Legislature returned to bicameral form

1987 Constitution
Aquino Administration
(1986-1992)
Ramos Administration
(1992-1998)
Estrada Administration
(1998-2001)
Arroyo Administration
(2001-2010)
Aquino Administration
(2010-2016)
Duterte Administration
(2016-present)