MODULE 3: (Part 1)

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
MARKSMANSHIP
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• After studying this module, the
students should be able to;

• Know the Rifle Marksmanship and Pistol

Marksmanship

• Appreciate and perform the different

positions of firing.
3.1. BASIC RIFLE
MARKSMANSHIP
3.1. BASIC RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP
3.2. THE FOUR
FUNDAMENTALS
• It must understand and apply the four key
fundamentals before he approaches the firing line. He
must establish a steady position allowing observation
of the target.
• He must aim the rifle at the target by aligning the sight
system, and fire the rifle without disturbing this
alignment by improper breathing or during trigger
squeeze.
The four fundamentals are:
• Steady Position
• Aiming
• Breathing
• Trigger Squeeze
 The Steady Position Elements are as follows:

1. Nonfiring Handgrip
• The rifle hand guard
rests on the heel of
the hand in the V
formed by the thumb
and fingers.

• The grip of the non-

firing hand is light.
 2. Rifle Butt
Position
• The butt of the
rifle is placed in
the pocket of
the firing
shoulder.

• This reduces
the effect of
recoil and helps
ensure a steady
position.
 3. Firing Handgrip
• The firing hand grasps the
pistol grip so it fits the V
formed by the thumb and
forefinger. The forefinger is
placed on the trigger so the
lay of the rifle is not disturbed
when the trigger is squeezed.

• A slight rearward pressure is

exerted by the remaining three
fingers to ensure that the butt
of the stock remains in the
pocket of the shoulder,
minimizing the effect of recoil.
4. Firing Elbow
Placement
• The firing elbow
is important in
providing
balance. Its
exact location
depends on the
firing/fighting
position used.

• Placement
should allow
shoulders to
remain level.
5. Nonfiring
Elbow
• The non-firing
elbow is
positioned firmly
under the rifle to
allow a
comfortable and
stable position.

• When the soldier

engages a wide
sector of fire,
moving targets,
and targets at
various
elevations, his
non-firing elbow
should remain
free from support.
 6. Cheek-to-Stock Weld.
• The stock weld should provide a
natural line of sight through the
center of the rear sight aperture
to the front sight post and on to
the target.

• The firer's neck should be

relaxed, allowing his cheek to fall
naturally onto the stock.

• Through dry fire training, the

soldier practices this position until
he assumes the same cheek-to-
stock weld each time he
assumes a given position, which
provides consistency in aiming.
 7. Support 8. Muscle Relaxation
• When artificial support • If support is used
(sandbags, logs, stumps) properly, the firer should
is available, it should be be able to relax most of
used to steady the his muscles.
position and support the • Using artificial support or
rifle. bones in the upper body
• If it is not available, then as support allows him to
the bones, not the relax and settle into
muscles, in the firer's position.
upper body must support • Using muscles to support
the rifle. the rifle can cause it to
move due to muscle
fatigue.
9.
Na
tur
al
Po
int
of
Ai
m
 3.3.AIMING
• Having mastered the task of holding the rifle steady, the
soldier must align the rifle with the target in exactly the same
way for each firing.
• The firer is the final judge as to where his eye is focused. The
instructor or trainer emphasizes this point by having the firer
focus on the target and then focus back on the front sight
post. He checks the position of the firing eye to ensure it is in
line with the rear sight aperture.
(1) Rifle Sight Alignment.
• Alignment of the rifle with the target is critical. It
involves placing the tip of the front sight post in
the center of the rear sight aperture.

• Any alignment error between the front and rear

sights repeats itself for every 1/2 meter the bullet
travels.

• For example, at the 25-meter line, any error in rifle

alignment is multiplied 50 times. If the bullet is
misaligned by 1/10 inch, it causes a target at 300
meters to be missed by 5 feet.
(2) Focus of the Eye.
• A proper firing position places the eye directly in
line with the center of the rear sight aperture.

• When the eye is focused on the front sight post,

the natural ability of the eye to center objects in a
circle and to seek the point of greatest light
(center of the aperture) aid in providing correct
sight alignment.
 (3) Sight Picture.
• (a) Placement of the
aiming point varies,
depending on the
engagement range.

• For example, the figure

shows a silhouette at 300
meters where the aiming
point is the center of mass,
and the sights are aligned
for a correct sight picture.
 (3) Sight Picture.
• (b) A technique to obtain a
good sight picture is the
side aiming technique. It
involves positioning the front
sight post to the side of the
target in line with the vertical
center of mass, keeping the
sights aligned.
• The front sight post is
moved horizontally until the
target is directly centered on
the front sight post.
 (4) Front Sight. (5) Aiming Practice
• The front sight post is • Aiming practice is
vital to proper firing and conducted before firing
should be replaced when live rounds.
damaged. • During day firing, the
• The post should be firer should practice
blackened anytime it is sight alignment and
shiny since precise placement of the aiming
focusing on the tip of the point.
front sight post cannot • Using training aids such
be done otherwise. as the M15A1 aiming card
can do this
 3.4. BREATH
CONTROL.
• As the firer’s skills improve and as timed or multiple targets are
presented, he must learn to control his breath at any part of the
breathing cycle.
• Two types of breath control techniques are practiced during dry
fire. The coach/trainer ensures that the firer uses two breathing
techniques and understands them by instructing him to
exaggerate his breathing. The firer must be aware of the rifle’s
movement (while sighted on a target) as a result of breathing.
The first technique is used during zeroing (and when
time is available to fire a shot).
The second breath control technique is employed
during rapid fire (short-exposure targets).

Figure 1. Breath Control, firing at timed or multiple targets.

 3.4.2. BASIC FIRING POSITION
• During preliminary marksmanship instruction only the
basic firing positions are taught. The other positions
are added later in training to support tactical
conditions.

• The two firing positions used during initial training are

the individual foxhole supported firing position and
the basic prone unsupported firing position. Both offer
a stable platform for firing the rifle. They are also the
positions used during basic record fire.
1. Individual Foxhole Supported Firing Position
• This position provides the most stable platform for
engaging targets. Upon entering the position, the soldier
adds or removes dirt, sandbags, or other supports to
adjust for his height.
2. Basic Prone Unsupported Firing Position
• This firing position offers another stable firing platform for
engaging targets. To assume this position, the soldier
faces his target, spreads his feet a comfortable distance
apart, and drops to his knees. Using the butt of the rifle as
a pivot, the firer rolls onto his nonfiring side, placing the
nonfiring elbow close to the side of the magazine
THANK YOU!!!

GOD is with
us!