Plant Anatomy
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
ORGANS
By:
Lilik Hidayah, SPd
STRUCTURE
PLANT
Plant body divided
into root and shoot
• Shoot consists of
leaves, buds,
flowers, and stem
• Root consists of
primary and
secondary (lateral)
roots
ORGANS SYSTEM OF PLANT
Vegetatif Organs:
1. ROOT 2. STEM 3. LEAVE
Generatif Organ:
FLOWER
Cell Cross Sections
This is a cross section of a
dicot stem cell. The red stain
indicates the presence of lignin.
Can you identify the types of
cells?
Specialized Plant Tissues
• Three principal organs of seed plants
▫ Roots: absorb water and dissolved nutrients;
anchor plant to the ground
▫ Stems: support system for plant body; transport
system for nutrients; defense against predators
and disease
▫ Leaves: primary system of photosynthesis
• Linked together by systems and subsystems that
run the length of the plant
AKAR
1. Berkembang dari jaringan apa?
Akar berkembang dari radikula biji yang berkecambah
2. Fungsi akar?
3. Tipe akar?
4. Fungsi rambut akar?
5. Apakah rambut akar terdapat hampir pada semua bagian epidermis akar?
6. Apakah semua bagian permukaan akar berpotensi menyerap air dan
mineral?
7. Struktur morfologi akar?
8. Struktur anatomi akar? (secara melintang-membujur)
9. Sebutkan fungsi tudung akar, dan apakah semua ujung akar tanaman
memiliki tudung akar!
10. Apa yang dimaksud endodermis akar, sebutkan fungsinya, dan apakah
sama tipe endodermis akar dikotil dan monokotil!
Root
The Root System
• Functions:
1. Anchorage: secures plant to ground
2. Support the plant
3. Absorbtion: water and nutrients from soil
4. Conduct water and minerals (to carry out water and
mineral transport)
5. Store food: ex. Sweet potato, carrot, etc.
6. Propagation: ex. Dahlia or sweet potato tuberous
roots, blackberry
7. Prevent erosion
Root
The Root System
• Two main types
1. Taproots: found mainly in dicots
2. Fibrous roots: found mainly in monocots
• Root hairs
Increases absorption of water and minerals near root tip
Root Structure
• Root cap: protects fragile new cells as they grow in apical meristem
Root structure:
Longitudinal Cross Sections
Developing roots have four regions:
Root cap
- parenchyma cells that cover and protect tip of young root
- secretes mucilaginous substance, also functions to perceive
gravity
Root growth zone
1. Zone of cell division
2. Zone of elongation
3. Zone of maturation
Kaliptra/Root cap
• Function:
- protect tip of young root
- secretes mucilaginous substance
- perceive gravity
• Terdiri atas parenkim yang mengandung
pati/amilum sebagai statolit disebut kolumela
• Dibentuk oleh kaliptrogen ( meristem ujung yang
aktifitasnya ke arah bawah)
• Tidak ditemukan pada akar beberapa parasit dan
akar yang mengandung mikoriza
• Kaliptra tumbuhan air cepat mengalami
degenerasi
Root Growth Zone
Root Growth Zone
Primary growth divided into three zones:
Zone of cell division :
root apical meristem, center of root tip, this
differentiates into: protoderm, procambium,and
ground meristem (primary tissues)
Zone of elongation:
Cells become longer than wide by expansion of
vacuoles, no further increase in cell size afterwards,
elongate at least 10X, pushes tip through the soil
Maturation:
cells differentiate into specific cell types - cells complete
their differentiation
ROOT STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
Root structure:
Tranversal Cross Sections
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Stele
1. Pericycle
2. Vascular tissue: xylem and floem
3. Empulur
Root structure:
Tranversal Cross Sections
Root structure:
Tranversal Cross Sections
Epidermis:
Root epidermal system functions to protect the root cells
and absorb water
Epidermal cells can develop root hairs as outgrowths: tiny
projections that increase surface area to maximize water
absorption
Cortex
Inside of epidermis. Spongy ground tissue: parenchyma
cells that can function in food storage
Endodermis
Single layer of cells with cell walls impregnated with
suberin and lignin - prevents water and mineral passage
between cells
Suberin band around cells is the “Casparian strip”
Root structure:
Tranversal Cross Sections
Stele (Vascular cylinder )
Vascular cylinder inside cortex encases xylem and phloem
is encased by the endodermis
That is all cells interior to the endodermis, include:
1. Pericycle - parenchyma just interior to the endodermis -
can produce lateral roots
2. The root vascular cambium (found mainly in dicotil)
3. Empulur: parenchyma cells
Epidermis akar
• Umumnya tidak
berkutikula
• Selapis sel memanjang
sejajar sumbu akar (+ciri
epidermis)
• Tumbuhan anggrek, talas
dan kuping gajah
epidermisnya berlapis
banyak
• Beberapa termodifikasi
menjadi rambut akar (sel
trikoblas), kecuali
tumbuhan air
Korteks
Korteks akar lebih luas dari korteks batang
Pada dikotil dan gymnospermae tersusun atas parenkim
Pada monokotil terdapat sklerenkim sebagai hipodermis
dan eksodermis
Akar udara epifit memiliki kloroplas
Endodermis
• Pada akar dikotil penebalan endodermis pada
satu garis melingkar pada dinding sel yang
sejajar sumbu akar membentuk pita/titik
kaspari
• Pada akar monokotil penebalan bentuk U atau
O, sehingga ada beberapa sel tidak mengalami
penebalan secunder disebut sel penerus
Endodermis
Perisikel/perikambium
Tumbuhan air dan tumbuhan parasit tidak memiliki
perisikel
Jaringan pembuluh
Akar monokotil: tipe radial polyarck
Akar dikotil:
akar muda: radial lengan xilem ± 4
akar tua : kolateral terbuka
Root modifications:
Adventitious roots
arise along stem or locations other than base of plant
Aerial roots
roots that extend out into the air, unconnected to the
ground
Prop roots
located on lower part of stem of some monocots like
corn, grow down into ground, anchor against wind
Pneumatophores
spongy outgrowths from underwater roots. May
extend above water, increase oxygen supply to roots
Root modifications:
Parasitic roots
penetrate host plants to parasitize them
Food storage roots
branch roots of plants like sweet potatoes produce
extra parenchyma cells for carbohydrate storage
Buttress roots
produced by certain varieties of fig and tropical
trees for support
Cross-section through tree stem
Xylem
Phloem
Transportasi pada tumbuhan
melalui sitoplasma antar sel
1. SIMPLAS
2. APOPLAS
melalui ruang antar sel
Perbedaan akar dikotil dan monokotil
Pembeda Akar monokotil Akar dikotil
Morfologi:
1. Sistem perakaran Serabut Tunggang
2. Batas kaliptra dengan Jelas Tidak jelas
ujung akar
Anatomi:
1. Perisikel Multiseriat Uniseriat
2. Berkas pengangkut Tipe radial dengan akar muda: Radial, lengan
banyak lengan xilem xilem ± 4
Akar tua: kolateral terbuka
3. Empulur Luas Sempit
4. Kambium Tidak ada Kambium faskuler, felogen
5. Peran perisikel Membentuk cabang Membentuk cabang akar,
akar kambium faskuler, dan felogen
BATANG
1. Sebutkan struktur morfologi batang!
2. Sebutkan fungsi batang!
3. Sebutkan asal perkembangan batang!
Batang berkembang dari plumula biji yang
berkecambah
4. Sebutkan struktur anatomi batang!
5. Apa yang disebut bagian kayu dan kulit kayu
pada tanaman?
6. Apa yang dimaksud dengan floeterma, dan
apakah floeterma dijumpai pada semua
batang?
BATANG
Stem structure:
• Node: part of stem where leaves,
flowers, fruits, buds and other stems
are attached
• Internode: stem area between nodes
• Leaves project from stem:
- Blade: Flattened portion
- Petiole: Slender stalk supporting
blade
• Axil: angle formed by leaf
attachment to the stem
• Axillary bud is produced in each axil
• Axillary buds may develop into
branches
• Terminal bud: produced at tip of
stem. Terminal buds extend length
of stem
• Bud: an unelongated stem
containing primordial leaves and/or
flowers.
• Fllower bud: a bud that develops
into flowers; usually larger than
vegetative buds.
• Leaff scar: marks the former
attachment point of a leaf or petiole
to the stem.
Stem Functions
1. Produce leaves, branches, and flowers
2. Hold leaves up to the sunlight
3. Conduction; through phloem and xylem-transport
water and minerals between roots and leaves
4. Support; trunk, branches and stems of all plant parts
5. Food Storage; ex. Irish potato tubers
6. Protection; ex. Thorns on mesquite
7. Propagation; bulbs, runners, rhizomes
8. Photosynthesis; ex. Pads (called cladophylls) on
cactus
Modification of stem
Stem structure:
Tranversal Cross Sections
Epidermis
Hypodermis
Cortex
Endodermis-floeterma
Stele
1. Vascular tissue:
i. Floem
ii. Vasculer cambium
iii. Xylem
2. Empulur
Epidermis batang
• Selapis sel tersusun rapat (+ciri epidermis)
• Macam derivat epidermis: lentisel, trikoma,
spina
• Pada batang muda di bawah epidermis terdapat
jaringan penguat (hipodermis):
1. kolenkim (batang dikotil), 2.
sklerenkim (batang monokotil)
• Batang dikotil berkayu tua epidermis digantikan
jaringan periderm
Korteks
Tersusun atas jaringan parenkim
Batang muda dan dikotil herba tersusun aas
klorenkim
Bagian terluar korteks batang dikotil berkayu
menjadi felogen
Pada beberapa batang dikotil, bagian terdalam
korteks terdapat endodermis, berupa parenkim
yang mengandung pati disebut Floeterma
2. Empulur
• Tersusun atas parenkim, kadang kala berisi
cadangan makanan
• Beberapa berisi cadangan makanan, ex. Tebu,
sagu
• Empulur batang dikotil berkayu tua terdesak
oleh xilem, sehingga sangat sempit, hampir tidak
ada
• Pada monokotil, untuk memperbesar batang
dapat membentuk rongga reksigen
Silinder Pusat
1. Berkas pengangkut:
1) bagaimana tipe berkas pengangkut batang
dikotil dan monokotil
2) Apa yang dimaksud jari-jari empulur?
3) Batang tumbuhan dikotil antara xilem dan floem
terdapat kambium faskuler (fungsi?)
4) Bagaimana kecepatan pembentukan xilem dan
floem?
5) Bagaimana pembentukan xilem dan floem
dalam musim yang sama?
6) Apa yang dimaksud Lingkar Tahun?
7) Mengapa xilem dan floem selalu dibentuk secara
terus menerus?
Monocot and Dicot Stems
Dicot Stems
Monocot Stems
• Vascular bundles arranged
• Vascular bundles
in a ring
scattered throughout
• Parenchyma inside the
vascular bundles forms the
pith
Growth of Stems
• Primary growth occurs only at the end of the
plant (plant gets taller/longer)- three zone
▫ Produced by cell divisions at the apical meristem-
mitosis
▫ Occurs in all seed plants
• Secondary growth involves stems increasing in
width
▫ In conifers and dicots, secondary growth occurs in the
lateral meristem, in tissues called the vascular
cambrium and the cork carmbrium
▫ Vascular cambrium increases thickness over time
▫ Cork cambrium produces outer covering (becomes
bark)
Stem structure:
Stem primery growth zone:
1. Zone of cell division
2. Zone of elongation
3. Zone of maturation
Secondary Stem Growth
The vascular cambrium produces new xylem and phloem, which become
primary and secondary xylem and phloem.
Lingkar tahun?
Formation of Wood
• From secondary stem growth
• All tissues inside vascular cambium
• Wood is actually xylem
▫ When xylem ages and can no longer conduct water, it
becomes heartwood
▫ Wood that actively conducts fluid is known as
sapwood; surrounds heartwood
▫ Seasonal growth- in spring, vascular cambrium grows
rapidly and produces large, light-colored xylem cells.
As growing season continues, cells become darker and
smaller.
▫ One layer of light and one layer of dark wood combine
to form a ring, which can be counted as one year of
growth
Formation of Bark
• Bark is actually phloem
• All tissues outside the vascular cambrium
• Includes phloem, cork cambrium, and cork
• Cork cambrium produces protective layer of cork
that functions to prevent water loss and prevents
phloem from stretching and becoming cracked
• Oldest cork becomes bark, gradually flakes off
and is replaced
Wood and Bark
Wood and Bark
Perbedaan batang dikotil dan monokotil
Pembeda Batang monokotil Batang dikotil
Morfologi:
1. Ruas batang Jelas Tidak jelas
2. Percabangan Tidak ada Ada
3. Arah pertumbuhan Vertikal Vertikal & Horizontal
Anatomi:
1. Hipodermis Sklerenkim Kolenkim
2. Berkas pengangkut Letak: tersebar Letak Tersusun dalam 1
lingkaran
Tipe kolateral tertutup Tipe kolateral terbuka
3. Batas korteks & stele Tidak jelas Jelas
4. Kambium faskuler Tidak ada Ada
5. Meristem interkalar Ada Tidak ada
6. Jari-jari empulur Tidak ada Ada
DAUN/LEAVE
Function:
• Photosynthesis; it mainly occurs in leaves
• Regulate water loss; by opening and closing
guard cells
• Storage; ex. carbohydrates & water in chives
• Support; ex. tendrils on grape
• Prottection; ex. spines on cacti
• Attraction; ex. bracts on poinsettia
• Propagation; ex. pigyback plant with plantlets
on leaves
Leaf anatomy structure
Upper
surface
Epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Vascular bundle
Spongy mesophyll
Air spaces
Lower surface Epidermi
s
Stomata
Anatomi daun
Leaf cellular structure
Epidermis:
• Upper and lower epidermis covered by waxy cuticle
• Epidermal cells are nonphotosynthetic except for guard
cells that
• surround stomata
Mesophyll
• Interior cells are called mesophyll cells and are
photosynthetic
• palisade mesophyll tightly packed under upper epidermis
• spongy mesophyll composed of loose cells above lower
epidermis
• Vascular bundles or veins project from the stem into the
leaves with the xylem above the phloem
Mesofil
Pada monokotil khlorenkimnya homogen
Tumbuhan xerofit memilki palisade pada kedua
sisi daun
Bandingkan ciri untuk menentukan permukaan
atas dan bawah daun pada saat melihat
preparat!
Berkas pembuluh
• Susunan lebih sederhana dari berkas pembuluh
batang
• Tampak sebagai pertulangan daun
• Dikelilingi seludang pembuluh
• Type berkas pembuluh ?
• Hidatoda ?
Daun Monokotil
Daun Dikotil
Perbedaan daun dikotil dan monokotil
Pembeda Daun monokotil Daun dikotil
Morfologi:
1. Bentuk daun Pita, pedang Selain pita dan pedang
2. Pertulangan daun Sejajar, melengkung Menjari, menyirip
3. Warna permukaan Bermuka satu Bermuka dua (bifasial)
daun (unifasial)
4. Seludang daun Tidak ada
Ada
Anatomi:
1. mesofil Khlorenkim homogen Khlorenkim heterogen:
1. Jaringan palisade
2. Jaringan sponsa
Modified leaves
• Floral leaves (bracts) - brightly colored leaves that surround
• flowers and add to ability to attract pollinators -
• e.g. Poinsettias, flowering dogwood
• Spines - reduce water loss and protect against predators - e.g.
cactus
• Reproductive leaves - leaves that form new plantlets and allow
for
• asexual reproduction - e.g. Kalanchoe (AKA “leaf of life”)
• Insectivorous leaves - leaves that
• trap insects in order to
• digest and extract minerals
• that are in short supply
• otherwise - e.g. pitcher
• plants, Venus flytrap, and
• sundew
BUNGA
Monocot and Dicot Characteristics
Akar Seminal
Cabang pertama
Cabang
Kedua
Cabang
Ketiga
Akar Seminal
