Integrative Programming and Technologies

Chapter Two (2)

Web Services and Middleware; Network programming;
Low level data communications
Message and queuing services;
 Web services and Middleware
Application integration technology
 Allows applications to be integrated more rapidly, easily and less expensively
program-to- program interactions whereas web for program-to-user
interactions
 Allow companies to reduce the cost of doing e-business, to deploy solutions faster and to open up new
opportunities
Web services model built on emerging standards such as:
HTTP
XML
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
Web Services Description Language (WSDL)
Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI)

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 Web services and Middleware
developed in order to distribute an object and serve it to various users
in the web environments
 used in the server situations while solving the web-scalability problem of the other distributed object
technologies
 WSDL, and SOAP exploit XML.
 WSDL is an XML describing the web service.
 SOAP is an XML describing the called method, its parameters, and its return value, can be delivered over
the HTTP

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 Web services and Architecture

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 Web services and Architecture
1. A client that wants to be serviced should first find the supported services from the
pre-existing registry before compiling a code.
2. After finding its services through searching, the client gains the Web Service
Description Language (WSDL) that a server previously registers. From the WSDL,
the client knows the service provider location and the parameters to the found
method.
3. After the client binds the described service during the compile time, it calls the
local agent whenever the client invokes a method call, and the local agent
delivers it to the server side agent through Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
over HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and TCP during the runtime.
4. The server side agent activates the appropriate object, and delivers the calls to
the object.

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 Network Programming
Network:
 A network is a collection of computers and other devices that can send data to and receive data from each other.
 A network is often connected by wires.
 However, wireless networks transmit data through infrared light and microwaves.
Node:
 Each machine on a network is called a node.
 Most nodes are computers, but printers, routers, bridges, gateways etc.. can also be nodes.
 Nodes that are fully functional computers are also called hosts.
Packet:
 All modern computer networks are packet-switched networks: data traveling on the network is broken into
chunks called packets and each packet is handled separately.
 Each packet contains information about who sent it and where it's going.
Protocol:
 A protocol is a precise set of rules defining how computers communicate: the format of addresses, how data is
split into packets

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 Network Programming con..
IP:
 IP was designed to allow multiple routes between any two points and to route packets of data around damaged
routers.
TCP:
 Since there are multiple routes between two points, and the packets that make up a particular data stream.
 Furthermore, they may not arrive in the order they were sent, if they even arrive at all.
UDP:
 UDP is an unreliable protocol that does not guarantee that packets will arrive at their destination or that
they will arrive in the same order they were sent.
Ports:
 Each computer with an IP address has several thousand logical ports.
 Each port is identified by a number between 1 and 65,535. Each port can be allocated to a particular service.
 Port numbers 1 through 255 are reserved by IP for well-known services If you connect to port 80 of a host,
for instance, you may expect to find an HTTP server.
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 Network Programming con..
IP:
 IP was designed to allow multiple routes between any two points and to route packets of data around damaged
routers.
TCP:
 Since there are multiple routes between two points, and the packets that make up a particular data stream.
 Furthermore, they may not arrive in the order they were sent, if they even arrive at all.
UDP:
 UDP is an unreliable protocol that does not guarantee that packets will arrive at their destination or that
they will arrive in the same order they were sent.
Ports:
 Each computer with an IP address has several thousand logical ports.
 Each port is identified by a number between 1 and 65,535. Each port can be allocated to a particular service.
 Port numbers 1 through 255 are reserved by IP for well-known services If you connect to port 80 of a host,
for instance, you may expect to find an HTTP server.
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 Network Programming con..
Internet:
 largest IP-based network for connecting machines together.
 Java: easy-to-use, cross-platform model for network communications.
What is a Socket?
 Sockets are a means of using IP to communicate between machines, so sockets allow Java to interoperate with
legacy systems by simply talking to existing servers using their pre-defined protocol.
 Internet protocol: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Internet Addresses or IP Addresses
 Every network node has an address, a series of bytes that uniquely identify it.
 Internet addresses are manipulated in Java by the use of the InetAddress class. InetAddress takes care of the
Domain Name System (DNS) look-up and reverse look-up;
 IP addresses can be specified by either the host name or the raw IP address. InetAddress provides methods to
getByName(), getAllByName(), getLocalHost(), getAddress(), etc.
 IP addresses are a 32-bit number, often represented as a "quad" of four 8-bit numbers separated by periods.
 They are organized into classes (A, B, C, D, and E). For example 126.255.255.255
Client/Server Computing- Java language communicate with remote file system

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 Network Programming con..
How UDPclients and UDPservers communicate over sockets Creating UDP Servers:
To create a server with UDP, do the following:
1. Create a DatagramSocket attached to a port.
int port = 1234;
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
2. Allocate space to hold the incoming packet, and create an instance of DatagramPacket to hold the incoming
data.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);
3. Block until a packet is received, then extract the information you need from the packet.
// Block on receive()
socket.receive(packet);
// Extract the packet data
byte[] data = packet.getData();
// Find out where packet came from // so we can reply to the same host/port
InetAddress remoteHost = packet.getAddress();
int remotePort = packet.getPort();

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 Network Programming con..
Creating UDP Clients
1. First allocate space to hold the data we are sending and create an instance of DatagramPacket to hold the data.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int port = 1234;
InetAddress host = InetAddress.getByName("magelang.com");
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer,
buffer.length, host, port);
2. Create a DatagramSocket and send the packet using this socket.
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();// free local port to use
socket.send(packet);
// Find out where we are sending from
InetAddress localHostname = socket.getLocalAddress();
int localPort = socket.getLocalPort();

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 Network Programming con..
How TCPclients and TCPservers communicate over sockets
Creating TCP Servers:
To create a TCP server, do the following:
1. Create a Server Socket attached to a port number.
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port);
2. Wait for connections from clients requesting connections to that port.
// Block on accept()
Socket channel = server.accept();
You'll get a Socket object as a result of the connection.
3. Get input and output streams associated with the socket.
out = new PrintWriter (channel.getOutputStream());
out.println("Hey! I heard you over this socket!");
reader = new InputStreamReader (channel.getInputStream());
in = new BufferedReader (reader);
Now you can read and write to the socket, thus, communicating with the client.
String data = in.readLine();

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 Network Programming con..
Creating TCP Clients:
To create a TCP client, do the following:
1. Create a Socket object attached to a remote host, port.
Socket client = new Socket(host, port);
When the constructor returns, you have a connection.
2. Get input and output streams associated with the socket.
out = new PrintWriter (client.getOutputStream());
out.println("Watson!" + "Come here...I need you!");
reader = new InputStreamReader (client.getInputStream());
in = new BufferedReader (reader);
Now you can read and write to the socket, thus, communicating with the server.
String data = in.readLine();

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 Low Level Data Communication
TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
 The Protocol upon which the whole Internet is based
 Each node must be configured for TCP/IP to function properly.
 A software-based protocol
 TCP/IP is basically the binding together of Internet Protocols used to connect hosts on the internet- Main ones
are IP and TCP
 TCP and IP have special packet structure
 IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for delivering packets of data between systems on the internet and specifies
their format. Packets forwarded based on a four byte destination IP address (IP number) IP DOES NOT
MAKE GUARANTEES! It is very simple - essentially: send and forget.
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data/packets from
client to server. Data can be lost. So TCP also adds support to detect errors and retransmit data until
completely received

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 IP Packet Structure

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 IP Packet structure con..
 Version: - Indicates the version of IP currently used.
 IP Header Length (IHL): - Indicates the datagram header length in 32-bit words.
 Type-of-Service: -Specifies how an upper-layer protocol would like a current datagram to be handled, and
assigns datagram various levels of importance.
 Total Length: - specifies the length, in bytes, of the entire IP packet, including the data and header.
 Identification: - Contains an integer that identifies the current datagram. This field is used to help piece together
datagram fragments.
 Flags: - Consists of a 3-bit field of which the two low-order (least-significant) bits control fragmentation. The
low-order bit specifies whether the packet can be fragmented. The middle bit specifies whether the packet is the
last fragment in a series of fragmented packets. The third or high-order bit is not used.
 Fragment Offset: - Indicates the position of the fragment’s data relative to the beginning of the data in the
original datagram, which allows the destination IP process to properly reconstruct the original datagram.
 Time-to-Live: - Maintains a counter that gradually decrements down to zero, at which point the datagram is
discarded.
 Protocol: - Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives incoming packets after IP processing is complete.
 Header Checksum: - Helps ensure IP header integrity.
 Source Address: - Specifies the sending node.
 Destination Address: - Specifies the receiving node.
 Options: - Allows IP to support various options, such as security.
 Data: - Contains upper-layer sent in packet.

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 TCP Packet structure

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 IP Packet structure con..
 There are 12 or 13 fields in TCP Packet:
 Source Port and Destination Port: - Identifies points at which upper layer source and destination processes
receive TCP services.
 Sequence Number: - In the connection-establishment phase, this field also can be used to identify an initial
sequence number to be used in an upcoming transmission.
 Acknowledgment Number: -Contains the sequence number of the next byte of data the sender of the packet
expects to receive.
 Data Offset: - Indicates the number of 32-bit words in the TCP header.
 Reserved: - Remains reserved for future use.
 Flags: - Carries a variety of control information, including the SYN and ACK bits used for connection
establishment, and the FIN bit used for connection termination.
 Window: - Specifies the size of the sender’s receive window (that is, the buffer space available for incoming
data).
 Checksum: - Indicates whether the header was damaged in transit.
 Urgent Pointer: -Points to the first urgent data byte in the packet.
 Options and padding: - Specifies various TCP options.
 Data: - Contains upper-layer sent in packet.
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Thank You
Question?
Husen Adem
+251925100878
[email protected]
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