Database Design

&
Management
 Contents (Summary)
• Concepts of Database Management
• Database Designing and Modelling
• Client-Server Architecture, Data Dictionaries
• SQL
– DDL,DML,Views ,Constraints
• Oracle SQL
• Distributed Database
• Object oriented database
• Database Administration
 Method of Delivery
• Text Books
• Reference Book/s
• Lecture Slides
• Lab work (SQL)
• Helping notes or Reference website
(email)
 Key to success
• Punctuality
• Hard work
• Practice
• Devotion
• Dedication
 Text Book
(1) Modern Database Management By:
Fred McFadden, Jeffrey Hoffer, Mary Prescott 11th Edition, Addison Wesley

(2) Database Systems Concepts By:

Silberschatz., Korth., Sudarshan 4th Edition
(3) Database Systems By:
Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg 4th Edition
(4) An Introduction to Database Systems By:
C.J.Date
What is Data ?
 Definition of Data
•Data consists of Facts, text, graphics,
images, sound and video segments that
have meaning to user’s environment.

•Data can exist in a variety of forms:

- As numbers or text on pieces of paper
- As bits and bytes stored in electronic
memory
- As facts stored in a person's mind.
 Data Type
Data is what we measure
Data type refers to the classification of a
particular type of information

• integer
• floating point
• character, string
• date
• student record
• blob (binary large object)
Data in Context

Large volume of facts, difficult

to interpret or make decisions
based on
 INFORMATION

• Data that has been

processed in such a way that
it can increase the
knowledge of person who
uses it
Useful information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation
 Data vs Information
• Data into information
– Summarise data
– Data In context (table)
– Decision support
• We use Database term without
distinguish data or information
 ACTIVITY
• Please write down the data for cricket
match bowling
• Do you get any information??
 Definition of Database
“ Database is a shared collection of logically
related data, designed to meet the information
needs of multiple users in an organization ”

Database is designed, built, and populated

with data for a specific purpose. It has an
intended group of users and preconceived
applications in which these users are
interested.
 Alternative Terminology
Data Processing Terms
Formal Terms Alternative 1 Alternative 2
Relation Table File
Tuple Row Record
Attribute Column Field

• Formal terms are mostly used for technical users.

• Data processing terms are more natural for non
technical users.
Computerized File
Based Processing
System
 Computerized File-based
Processing

File handling routines &

File definition

Sales files
Sales

File handling routines &

File definition

Contracts files
Contracts
 File-based Systems

• A collection of application programs

that perform services for the end
users (e.g. reports).
• Each program defines and manages
its own data.
Three file processing systems

Duplicate
Data
 Limitation of Computerized File-
based Approach
• Separation and Isolation of data
• Each application maintains its own set of data.
• Users of one application may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other applications.
Duplication of data (data redundancy)
• Same data is held by different files.
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget
 Limitation of File-based
Approach
• Accessibility
• Data is stored using programs that are written in
different languages and format
• Cannot easily access other files due to incompatible file
format.
• No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.
• Hard Coded Queries (Data dependence)
• File structure and all definition of data are defined in the
application program code.
• Programs are written to satisfy particular functions /
requirements.
• Any new requirement needs a new program.
 Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain
their own data
 Each application program needs to include
code for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats
 Problems with Data
Redundancy

• Waste of space to have duplicate data

• Causes more maintenance headaches
• The biggest Problem:
– When data changes in one file, could
cause inconsistencies
– Compromises data integrity
 SOLUTION:

Database Processing
System
 Database Processing

Sales
Application

Sales
DBMS

Database
Contracts
Application

Contracts
 The DATABASE Approach
• Central repository of shared data
• Data is managed by a controlling
agent
• Stored in a standardized, convenient
form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Management
System
Application
#1

Application

DBMS
#2
Database
containing
centralized
shared data

Application
#3 DBMS manages data
resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources
 Database Management System
(DBMS)

A collection of programs that enables users to

define,create and maintain and control access to the
database.

General-purpose software system that facilitates the

processes of defining, constructing and
manipulating databases for various applications.

Defining - specifying data types, structures, constraints.

Constructing - storing of data
Manipulation - querying, updating and reporting.
Popular DBMS In The Market

Sybase SQL Anywhere

Informix Dynamic Server

Borland Interbase
Database Management System

• A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval

system which permits data to be stored
non-redundantly while making it appear
to the user as if the data is well-
integrated.
Advantages of Database Approach
• Program-Data Independence
– Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications don’t need to
worry about data formats
– Data queries/updates managed by DBMS so programs
don’t need to process data access routines
Results in: increased application development and
maintenance productivity
• Minimal Data Redundancy
– Leads to increased data integrity/consistency
Advantages of Database Approach
• Improved Data Sharing
– Different users get different views of the data
• Enforcement of Standards
– All data access is done in the same way
• Improved Data Quality
– Constraints, data validation rules
• Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
– Use of standard data query language (SQL)
• Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
– Disaster recovery is easier
 Costs and Risks of the
Database Approach
• Up-front costs:
– Installation Management Cost and Complexity
– Conversion Costs
– Cost of DBMS
– Additional hardware costs.
Ongoing Costs:
– Requires New, Specialized Personnel
– Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
– Higher impact of a failure
• Organizational Conflict:
– Old habits die hard
 The Range of
Database Applications
• Personal Database – standalone desktop database
• Workgroup Database – local area network (<25 users)
• Department Database – local area network (25-100
users)
• Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds or
thousands of users)
Personal
Computer
Database
Workgroup database with local area network
An
enterprise
data
warehouse
 Components of
DBMS Environment
1. Hardware
Can range from a PC to a network of computers.

2. Software
DBMS itself and operating system, including any
network software if network is being used.

3. Data
Includes actual data used by the organization, and
description of data (schema). Also a system
catalog contains data such as the names of
authorized users.
 Components of
DBMS Environment
4. Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the
design and use of the database, and the use of
the DBMS.

5. People
Data & Database Administrator
Database Designer :- Logical & Physical
Application Programmers
End Users
 DBMS Environment
Bridge
Data

Software Procedures
Hardware People
Machine Human
 Database System
Environment
Users/Programs

Application Programs/Queries

Software to Process
Queries/Programs

Software to Access Stored Data

Stored Database Stored

Definition Database
Evolution of DB Systems
• Flat files - 1960s - 1980s
• Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
• Network – 1970s - 1990s
• Relational – 1980s - present
• Object-oriented – 1990s - present
• Object-relational – 1990s - present
• Data warehousing – 1980s - present
• Web-enabled – 1990s - present
 Summary
• Course Contents
• Data
• Information
• Data Vs Information
• Database Terms
• DBMS
• Advantages
• Disadvantages of DBMS
• Database Terms
• Comparison of Computerized File Based Processing
System & Database System