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Hydrological Information System: Module 18 - Telemetry Systems

This document discusses telemetry systems for collecting hydrological data. It describes various wireless communication options for transmitting data from sensors to a central data collection point, including sensor-to-data logger communication, earth-based systems using GSM/GPRS cellular networks or satellite-based INSAT systems, and the specifications of transmitters and receiving stations. The key advantages and disadvantages of GSM/GPRS and INSAT satellite systems are outlined.

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Prashant Pandey
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
68 views50 pages

Hydrological Information System: Module 18 - Telemetry Systems

This document discusses telemetry systems for collecting hydrological data. It describes various wireless communication options for transmitting data from sensors to a central data collection point, including sensor-to-data logger communication, earth-based systems using GSM/GPRS cellular networks or satellite-based INSAT systems, and the specifications of transmitters and receiving stations. The key advantages and disadvantages of GSM/GPRS and INSAT satellite systems are outlined.

Uploaded by

Prashant Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydrological Information

System
Module 18 – Telemetry Systems

Anish
….. Hydro-Informatics Expert
The World Bank
Examples that refer to products are intended
for illustrative purposes only, and do not imply
an endorsement or recommendation of any
particular product
Module Contents
Introduction
Sensor Wireless Communication
Communication Options
Earth Receiving Station
Transmitter Specification
ERS Specifications
Telemetry
Sensor to Data logger
Data logger to Control Room
◦ Earth based Communication
 GSM / GPRS
Introduction

◦ Satellite Based Communication


 INSAT
 VSAT
Sensor Communication Challenges
Sensor Communication
Sensor Communication Challenges
Sensor Communication
Sensor very far from data logger
Multiple sensors in the area (surface
water, ground water, climate)
Other areas where using cable is
prohibitive
◦ River Crossing
◦ Reservoir Structure (Pool elevation, river
release, etc.)
Wireless Sensor Links
Sensor Communication

Data Communication to Data Center

Master Station
Ground Water Sensor

Water Level
Climate Station
Advanced Sensor Communications
Sensor Communication
Wireless Sensor Communication
◦ Effective in combining sensors
◦ Saves cost of data logger/transmitter
◦ Effective in reducing long wire runs, or providing data
collection where running wire is not feasible or
possible
◦ Utilizes low power spread spectrum transmission
frequency (similar to that used by portable phones)
◦ Operates on very low power at 12/24/48 Volts
Wireless Sensor Connectivity
Slave Equipment connected to Sensor
Sensor Communication

Master Equipment Connected to Data Logger


Range varies by model, cheaper ones up to 2 KM, and some
available for up to 50 KM

Wireless Radio Master Wireless Radio Slave


Wireless Sensor Communication
Sensor Communication
Preferable Choice when:
◦ GSM coverage or Satellite line of sight
available at AWS but not available at other
remote sensor location
◦ Cost of Radio pair is lower than data logger
and telemetry device
GSM/GPRS
• Concept
GSM Communication

• GSM/GPRS systems can work by sending text messages and/or data files
• Allows two-way communication, with the ability to change program
settings, download data, or just query for the most recent measurements.

Internet

Decision Support Center


GSM/GPRS General Information
• Transmission:
GSM Communication

• 900 MHz and 1.8GHz


• Regulation:
• Open for public use. Just need service
agreement with mobile network provider
• The Coverage
• Makes GSM telecommunication a
popular choice though there are several
very important factors a hydrologic
system operator must consider when
choosing a telecommunication medium
to relay hydrologic data
• GSM/GPRS network is shared with the public
• Real-time hydrologic systems that can miss
periods of data collection, such as ground
water, measurement, which is fairly static over GSM Coverage in India
time, are more suitable candidates to employ (taken from GSM World Coverage 2009)
GSM/GPRS based technology
GSM General Information
GSM Communication

Mobile Service
Provider Tower
GSM - GPRS General Information
No Master control Room or ground
station needed
Cloud based computing and data is
made available on web
GSM/GPRS – Reception Window
GSM Communication
Advantages/Disadvantages of
GSM/GPRS
• Advantages
GSM Communication

• Coverage widely available in India


• Quickest technology to implement, requiring only a
service from mobile network provider
• Relatively inexpensive
• Disadvantages
• Unreliable for public safety requirements such as flood
warning and emergency management (Mobile network is
a “best effort” technology)
• Likelihood is great that the GSM/GPRS bandwidth could
be consumed by the public during public emergency.
• Can have high latency, especially Text Messaging
Satellite-based solutions: INSAT
INSAT Communication
Concept
◦ Operated by the government of India to provide
support to real-time environmental monitoring
◦ Well suited for remote hydrometric data
collection as well as data sharing. Data sharing
is implicit in the method that INSAT employs to
collect and relay data
 Anyone in view of the satellite can collect all
hydrometric data, including data collected by IMD
and CWC, who recently have modernized their
networks with capabilities of real-time data collection
Satellite-based solutions: INSAT
INSAT Communication

Raw
Data
Data Transmission Module
through satellite
from Remote Stations
Data Transmission

Data
Earth Receiving Decoding
Station Module

DAS Server

Database /
Backup
Server
Satellite-based solutions: INSAT
INSAT Communication

Data
Decoding
Module Raw
Data
Module

DAS
Server

Dish on Rooftop
Database
and
backup
Server
Advantages/Disadvantages of INSAT
INSAT Communication
Advantages
◦ One of the great advantages of INSAT is that communication is
possible from virtually anywhere in India
◦ Satellite is not affected by local weather events that can often
disrupt terrestrial-based communications, such as GSM/GPRS.
◦ High reliability and implicit data sharing
◦ Operates on very low power
◦ Low running cost
Disadvantages
◦ WPC clearances and Licenses fee required
◦ One way communication
◦ Radios are more expensive than GSM
◦ Requires a ground station
Satellite-based solutions: VSAT
Concept
VSAT Communication

◦ Privatively owned companies


◦ Bi-directional communication
◦ Complete Internet Solution (through satellite)
◦ Direct communication, though in some cases
ground hops may exist
◦ Well suited for SCADA, which requires bi-
directional communication
Satellite-based solutions: VSAT
VSAT Communication
Satellite-based solutions: VSAT
VSAT Communication

Remote Station Server Room


VSAT – Closer Look
VSAT Communication
VSAT – Reception Window
VSAT Communication
VSAT Power Consumption
VSAT Communication

VSAT Communication
needs much higher
power, so size of Solar
panels and Battery
backup goes up
Advantages/Disadvantages of VSAT
Advantages
VSAT Communication

◦ High reliability (if using Direct Connection)


◦ Bi-directional communication suitable for SCADA and
interaction with data station (reprogramming)
◦ Radio licensing fees assumed by VSAT provider
◦ Used by banks and other institutions that require high
availability
Disadvantages
◦ Large antenna/dish
◦ Uses more power than one-way devices
◦ High recurring cost (though this can be minimized with
proper integration)
Factors in Deciding a Best Fit in Data
Communication
Communication Options
Factors
◦ Availability
◦ Cooperation and Economy of Scale
◦ Cost (initial purchase)
◦ Recurring cost (Use Fee)
◦ Data Distribution
◦ Latency
◦ Maintenance
◦ Privacy
◦ Sustainability
Factors: Availability
Communication Options
 Ensures a certain degree of operational continuity over a given period.
 Disruptions of the data stream lead to loss of data
 Measured as a percentage of time the system can be expected to operate
over a given amount of time
 High availability solutions include:
◦ Satellite-based relay systems, such as INSAT
 Low availability solution include:
◦ GSM/GPRS
 Additional Notes:
◦ There is an increased cost to achieve increasing availability.
◦ Higher system availability can also be achieved by providing backup
communications.
◦ Some users, such as those that have a public safety mission, usually have
requirements for the highest availability.  
Availability
GSM/GPRS Medium
INSAT High
VSAT High
Factors: Cooperation and Economy of
Scale
Communication Options
If there are cooperators that are using a given
technology, this may sway the user to also
employ same technology
Rather than replicating networks, various
agencies can use each others network and
save significant resources
In addition, with multiple cooperators sharing
a given technology means that there is a built-
in support system amongst the users of the
data
Cooperation & EC
GSM/GPRS Medium
INSAT High
VSAT Medium
Factors: Cost (Initial Purchase)
Communication Options
The initial cost of the installation of a real-time
data collection system can vary greatly by
solution
Low cost system:
◦ Mobile phone network (GSM/GPRS)
High cost system:
◦ VSAT Systems
◦ INSAT, if the user must purchase an INSAT ground
station, which can be in excess of 80,00,000 INR

 
Cost (Initial)
GSM/GPRS Low
INSAT Medium
VSAT Low
Factors: Recurring Cost (Use Fee)
Communication Options
There is an initial cost to installing equipment,
and a recurring cost of operating the equipment
Some solutions have user fees, while others do
not
◦ Mobile phone network users must pay for the use of the
network
◦ Changing telecommunication methods after the initial
installation of equipment can be great, so it is incumbent
upon the user to consider recurring fees and the
uncertainty of the cost of the technology in the future
 
Recurring Cost
GSM/GPRS Medium
INSAT Low
VSAT High
Factors: Data Distribution
Communication Options
Itis often an advantage to employ a real-
time data relay system that inherently
provides data distribution
Good Data Distribution:
◦ INSAT, where data from all users is transmitted
from space to all points in India. All one needs
is a satellite ground station
Difficult Data Distribution:
◦ Terrestrial based radio system, and GSM/GPRS
 
Data Distribution
GSM/GPRS Low
INSAT High
VSAT Medium
Factors: Latency
Communication Options
Latency in hydrometric data systems has to do with the
delay from the time the data is measured to the time it is
received by the user
Institutions that have a public safety mission generally
require the least latency, as increased latency reduces the
lead time to react to a given situation
Institutions that are tasked to monitor flash floods,
tsunami, or other natural threats to the population and
industry are examples of systems that require low latency
Most hydrometric data relay solutions have very little
delay from the time of data collection
  to receptionLatency
by the
user GSM/GPRS Low

INSAT Low

VSAT Low
Factors: Maintenance
Communication Options
Some hydrometric systems have greater exposure
to substantial maintenance issues
High Maintenance
◦ VSAT Systems
Low Maintenance
◦ GSM/GPRS and the INSAT data collection system

 
Maintenance
GSM/GPRS Low
INSAT Low
VSAT Medium
Factors: Privacy
Communication Options
Insome instances the monitoring agency may
want to keep hydrometric information private
◦ This is not typically the case of most agencies operating
hydrometric systems, as data is shared to avoid
duplication of effort
High Privacy
◦ GSM
Low Privacy
◦ INSAT

 
Privacy
GSM/GPRS High
INSAT Low
VSAT High
Factors: Sustainability
Communication Options
 Complexity of the solution that is being utilized.
◦ If a given user is the only one using a certain technology, then the
challenges for sustained operations are more of a challenge.
◦ If real-time telemetry solution is shared among many cooperating
agencies, then this leads to a much greater chance of
sustainability.
◦ Control a user has over the technological solution being used can
lead to greater sustainability
◦ Highly sustainable solutions
 GSM is mostly under the control of the user. This generally
leads to a more sustainable solution.
 INSAT is also a highly sustainable solution because of the
commitment of IMD and ISRO to fund this  
important
Sustainability
component of the INSAT services. GSM/GPRS Medium
INSAT High
VSAT Medium
Factors: Comparison
Communication Options
 

GSM/GPRS

INSAT

VSAT
Availability Medium High High
Cooperation & EC Medium High Medium
Cost (Initial) Low Medium High
Data Distribution Low High Medium
Latency Low Low Low
Maintenance Low Low Medium
Privacy High Low Medium
Recurring Cost Medium Low High
Sustainability Medium High Medium
Earth Receive Station (ERS)
Every real-time HIS network will need a
Earth Receive Station

Earth Receive Station at a Data Center to


receive data from the remote stations
automatically. An Earth Receive Station
(ERS) is also referred to as a Base Station
(BS) or Ground Receive Station (GRS)
The ERS will utilize a dedicated server for
the collection of data in real-time so that no
other processes interfere with the collection
of data to be provided by the bidder.
Typical Data Receive System
Earth Receive Station
INSAT Transmitter
Transmitter Specifications
INSAT Radio System to be Used on the INSAT Satellite
operated by ISRO
Required to transmit on all series of INSAT satellites
Certificate of acceptance required by ISRO and/or IMD
as part of the bid package
Demonstrated use of the satellite radio with at least 200
radios in current operation in India using INSAT
All associated equipment, including GPS, GPS Antenna,
INSAT Antenna, all cables and mounting hardware
Antenna cable to be of high grade, LMR 400 or better
Temperature: Operating -40 to 60C
VSAT Transceiver
Transmitter Specifications
VSAT Radio system to allow two-way communication system
between Data Center and remote station
VSAT communication will be direct link, and use the internet or
any surface based topology for data communication (i.e. leased
lines)
VSAT bandwidth will be able to be shared among all transmitters
VSAT remote stations shall be able to transmit based on alarm
conditions at the remote site such as critical water level or
exceptional precipitation events
All associated equipment, including Antenna all cables and
mounting hardware
Antenna cable to be of high grade, LMR 400 or better
Temperature: Operating -40 to +60C
GSM/GPRS Transmitter
Transmitter Specifications
Utilize GPRS network for two-way TCP/IP (INTERNET)
connection
Radio to utilize VPN protocol
Data collection to be triggered by interrogation from Data
Center, or by event based transmission triggered by remote
site
Ability to disable interrogation system in order to save power
at remote site
Data transmission to execute HTTP Post or FTPS to transmit
data to the Data Center
All associated equipment, including Antenna all cables and
mounting hardware
Temperature: Operating +40 to 60C
ERS General Requirements
A computer server (rack mount) is required to
process the incoming data. Processing includes
but is not limited to:
◦ Quality Control Checks and Rejection of Bad Data
◦ Alarms based on malfunctioning remote stations
Specifications

◦ Provision to relay data to data base and/or applications


server
The computer server is required to come
equipped with all server accessories, such as
UPS, router, computer rack, computer rails,
ERS

electrical power supply


ERS Server General Requirements
A computer server (rack mount) is required to process the incoming data.
All of the following specifications are minimum specifications. The Bidder will
increase these specifications as required to support the Bidders Software and
Hardware Solution
CPU – Pentium IV 3.0 GHz
Memory – 16 GB
Hard Disk – Capable of storing raw data for 500 stations for 10 years or a minimum
of 1 TB. Hard Disk will be configured as RAID 1 with hardware controller, which
Specifications

means the Disk space will be effectively doubled


Monitors – Three computer screens (server is required to have necessary hardware to
support all three screen). Screens minimum 21”, flat screen.
Wireless Keyboard and Mouse
Optical Drives – CD/DVD RW+
Network – Two network adapters 10/100/1000Mbps (RJ45)
Ports – Serial, parallel, 4-USB
Electrical – Supply voltage: 230V nominal
ERS

Operating System – Windows Server 2010, or most current.


ERS Server Software General
Requirements
Software for decoding remote station data, and routing
this data from the ERS to other computer nodes (i.e.
FTPs, HTTP POST, and/or shared drive)
Diagnostic software:
◦ Station/sensor malfunction/outage, with automatic report
generation and alarm protocol
Specifications

◦ Received Signal Strength (if applicable)


Storage of all Raw Data on non-proprietary data base,
and non-proprietary data base structure (i.e.
PostGreSQL, MySQL)
Graphical and tabular viewing software, with user
ERS

selectable stations and time period (up to one year)


INSAT ERS
System Characteristics:
◦ Required to collect all INSAT transmissions (IMD, CWC, SASE,
etc.), regardless of transmitter manufacturer or transmit format
◦ Overall data collection system performance better than 99.9%
error free data (Receiver must collect all data successfully
transmitted from any remote station transmitting through INSAT)
Specifications

INSAT 3.8m (minimum) receive dish capable of receiving


data from remote stations according to performance
standards set forth above.
Receiver, antenna, cabling, and all other accessories
necessary to have a fully functional and reliable ERS
Front panel indicators on receiver for signal acquisition,
ERS

channel activity and diagnostics


INSAT ERS Continued
INSAT Receive Dish System
◦ Appropriate size to assure collection of ALL data from remote
stations
◦ Antenna Pedestal Type – Fixed EL/AZ antenna mount
◦ Wind Speed Operational Survival – 140 km/h or higher
◦ Lightning protection on all coaxial cables entering the building, as
Specifications

well as on all power feeds. Grounding will utilize Single Point


Grounding Technique
C-Band LNB
◦ As required for successfully receiving 99.9% of all data transmitted
through INSAT
Receiver
◦ As required for receiving 99.9% of all data transmitted through
ERS

INSAT
VSAT Earth Station Specification
An VSAT System requires the ERS to receive transmissions
directly from the VSAT satellite, and not data which is
relayed through the Internet
System Characteristics:
◦ Overall data collection system performance better than 99.9%
error free data (Receiver must collect all data successfully
Specifications

transmitted from any remote station transmitting through VSAT)


VSAT receive dish capable of receiving data from remote
stations according to performance standards set forth above.
Receiver/modem, antenna, cabling, and all other accessories
necessary to have a fully functional and reliable ERS
Front panel indicators on receiver for signal acquisition,
ERS

channel activity and diagnostics.


GSM/GPRS Earth Station Specification
A GPRS Earth Station receives GPRS data
through the Internet, as there is no direct
method of data collection such as that
possible on INSAT and VSAT
A GPRS System requires a highly reliable
Specifications

Internet connection to receive data being


relayed through the mobile network
There are no receivers required as
transmissions will arrive by way of the
ERS

Internet

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