SKELETAL SYSTEM

NOR FADILA KASIM

FSSKJ UPSI 1
 Components of Skeletal System
• Bone

• Cartilage:

• Tendons:
attach bone to muscle

• Ligaments:
attach bone to bone
2
 Skeletal System-function
1. Support and provide
attachment for skeletal
muscle
2. Protect internal organs
3. Assist in movement
4. Storage minerals
5. Contains red bone
marrow for produce
blood cell and yellow
bone marrow which
store triglycerides

3
 Background Information
• Bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are
connective tissues.

• Proteoglycans:
- large polysaccharides attached to proteins
- store water

4
• Bone’s extracellular matrix is collagen and
minerals (flexible and able to bear weight)

• Cartilage’s extracellular matrix is collagen and

proteoglycans (good shock absorber)

• Tendons and ligaments’ extracellular matrix is

collagen (very tough)

5
 Classification of Bones

• Based on shape:
long, short, flat, irregular,sesamoid

• Type of bone tissue:

compact and spongy

6
7
 Bone Shapes
• Sesamoid:
– patellae
• Long:
- Ex. Femur, tibia, fibula
• Short:
– Ex. Carpals, tarsals,
phlanges
• Flat:
– Ex. Ribs, sternum, skull
• Irregular:
– Ex. Vertebrae and facial
8
 (1) LONG BONE

 Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable
number of ends. They are usually somewhat curved for strength. Long bones
include those in the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm
(ulna and radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges).

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 (2) SHORT BONE
Short bones are
somewhat cube-shaped
and nearly equal in
length and width.
Examples of short bones
include most wrist and
ankle bones.
 (3) FLAT BONE
Flat bones are generally thin,
afford considerable protection,
and provide extensive surfaces
for muscle attachment.
Bones classified as flat bones
include the cranial bones,
which protect the brain; the
sternum (breastbone) and ribs,
which protect organs in the
thorax; and the
scapulae(shoulder blades).
 (4) IRREGULAR BONE
Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped
into any of the previous categories. Such bones include the
vertebrae and some facial bones.
Long Bone Structures

13
 Long Bone Structures
• Diaphysis:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

– compact bone Articular cartilage

tissue
Epiphysis

Epiphyseal plates
in juveniles
– Epiphysis:
– ends Spongy bone

– spongy bone tissue

Compact bone

Medullary cavity (contains

• Articular cartilage:
Diaphysis red marrow in juveniles and
yellow marrow in adults)

- covers epiphyses
Periosteum

Endosteum

- reduces friction Young bone

(a)

14
• Epiphyseal plate:
– site of growth
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Articular cartilage
Epiphysis

– between diaphysis
and epiphysis Epiphyseal lines
in adults

Spongy bone

Compact bone

• Medullary cavity: Medullary cavity (contains

red marrow in juveniles and
yellow marrow in adults)
Diaphysis

– center of diaphysis Periosteum

Endosteum

– red or yellow
marrow (b)
Adult bone
• Periosteum:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Articular cartilage
Epiphysis

membrane around Epiphyseal plates

in juveniles

bone’s outer surface

Spongy bone

Compact bone

• Endosteum: Medullary cavity (contains

Diaphysis red marrow in juveniles and

membrane that lines

yellow marrow in adults)

Periosteum

medullary cavity Endosteum

Young bone

(a)

16
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Articular cartilage

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal plates
in juveniles

Epiphyseal lines
in adults

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Medullary cavity (contains

Diaphysis red marrow in juveniles and Diaphysis
yellow marrow in adults)

Periosteum

Endosteum

Young bone

Adult bone

(a) (b)

Osteons
(haversian systems)

Endosteum
Inner
layer

Periosteum

Outer
layer

Compact bone

Central canals
Spongy bone
with trabeculae

Connecting vessels

Medullary
cavity
17
Adult bone
(c)
Divisions of the Skeletal System

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Divisions of
the Skeletal System

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Skull and Hyoid Bone

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Skull and Hyoid Bone

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Skull and Hyoid Bone

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Vertebral
Column

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Vertebral
Column
• Cervical
vertebrae

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Thoracic Vertebrae

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Lumbar Vertebrae

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Sacrum and Coccyx

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Vertebral Column
• Identify the vertebrae

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Thorax

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Upper
Limb

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Upper
Limb

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Upper
Limb

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
Pelvic
(Hip)
Girdle

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
Lower Limb

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Lower
Limb

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Lower
Limb

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Lower Limb

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Comparison of Female and Male
Skeletons

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 Aging and the Skeletal System

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights reserved.
 STRUCTURE OF BONE
Bone or osseous tissue contains abundant extracellular matrix
that surrounds separated cells.
The extracellular matrix is about 25% water, 25% collagen fibre,
and 50% crystallized mineral salt.
As these mineral salt deposited in the frame work formed by the
collagen fibre of the extracellular matrix, they crystallized and
tissue harden  classification process
 STRUCTURE OF BONE
Bone is not completely solid but
has many small spaces between its
cell and extracellular matrix.
Some spaces are channel for
blood vessel that supply bone
cells for nutrient
Other spaces are storage areas for
red bone marrow
Depending on size and
distribution of the spaces, the
region of a bone may categorized
as compact or spongy bone
45
• Osteon:
- structural unit of compact
bone
- includes lamella, lacunae,
canaliculus, central canal,
osteocytes
• Lamella:
rings of bone matrix

• Lacunae:
spaces between lamella, with osteocytes

• Canaliculi:
- tiny canals
- transport nutrients and
remove waste

• Central canal:
- center of osteon
- contains blood vessels, nerve,
lymphatic
46
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Osteon Osteon Lamellae on

Concentric rings surface of bone
of lamellae Lamellae
between osteons
Central canal
Periosteum
Blood vessel within
the periosteum
Blood vessels
connecting to
a central canal

Blood vessels
within a central
(Haversian) canal
Canaliculi
LM 400x Osteocytes in
lacunae
Canaliculi (b)
(a)
Blood vessel
Lacunae
connecting to
a central canal
between osteons
a: © Trent Stephens
 Spongy Bone Tissue
• Cancellous bone
• Location: epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones
• Trabeculae: interconnecting rods, spaces contain marrow
• No osteons

48
 BONE FORMATION
The process of bone formation is called OSSIFICATION (ossi=
bone, fication = making)
2 pattern of bone formation
 Intramembranous ossification (within connective tissue membrane)
 Endochondral ossification (bone forms within hyaline cartilage)
bone formation occurs in 4 principle situation:
 1) initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus
 2) the growth of bone during infancy, childhood and adolescent until their
adult sizes are reached.
 3) the remodelling of bone (replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
throughout life)
 4) the repair of fracture (break in bone)
Bone Cells

50
 Bone Formation
• Ossification:
process of bone formation

• Osteoblast’s role:
- build bone
- after an osteoblast becomes surrounded by bone
matrix it becomes an osteocyte

51
Bone Formation

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 Endochondral Ossification
• Bone formation inside cartilage

• Cartilage models are replaced by bone

• Ex. All bones (except skull)

57
Steps in Endochondral Ossification
1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the
chrondroblasts become chondrocytes.
2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens).
3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a
primary ossification center forms diaphysis.
4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.
5. Original cartilage model is almost completely
ossified and remaining cartilage is articular
cartilage.
58
 BONE FORMATION –
FRACTURES
 A fracture (FRAK-choor) is any
break in a bone. Types of
fractures include the following:
 Partial: an incomplete break across
the bone, such as a crack.
 Complete: a complete break across
the bone; that is, the bone is broken
into two or more pieces.
 Closed (simple): the fractured bone
does not break through the skin.
 Open (compound): the broken
ends of the bone protrude through
the skin.
 Bone Remodeling
• What is it?
- removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and
deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
- occurs in all bones
- responsible for changes in bone shape, bone
repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and
calcium ion regulation

61
 Bone Repair
1. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot
forms.
2. Callus forms which is a fibrous network between
2 fragments.
3. Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts
enter the callus and form cancellous bone this
continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.
4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form
compact and cancellous bone.

62
EXERCISE AND BONE TISSUE

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved.
EXERCISE AND BONE
TISSUE

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 ARTICULATION
• Joint (articulation) is a point of
contact between bones, between
cartilage and bones or between
teeth and bones.
 A joint’s structure determines its
combination of strength and
flexibility.
CLASSIFICATION OF
JOINTS
 CLASSIFICATION-
STRUCTURE
• (1) FIBROUS JOINT
– No synovial cavity and bones are held
together by dense irregular connective
tissue

• (2) CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

– No synovial cavity and the bone are
held together by cartilage

• (3) SYNOVIAL JOINT

– Have synovial cavity and are united by
articular tissue, and accessory
ligaments
 CLASSIFICATION-
•
FUNCTIONAL
(1) SYNARTHROSIS (syn= together)
– Immovable joint

• (2) AMPHIARTHOSIS (amphi= both side)

– Slightly movable joint

• (3) DIARTHROSIS (movable)

– Freely movable joint
 Fibrous Joints
 In fibrous joints there is no joint cavity and the bones are held
together by dense irregular connective tissue.

 A fibrous joint may be a

 slightly movable or immovable suture (found between skull bones),
 a slightly movable syndesmosis (band/ligament) (such as the distal joint between
the tibia and fibula),
 an immovable gomphosis (bolt/nail) (such as the root of a tooth in an alveolus of
the mandible and maxilla),
 or a slightly movable interosseous membrane (found between the radius and ulna
and tibia and fibula).

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fibrous Joints

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fibrous Joints

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fibrous Joints

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Cartilaginous Joints
 There is no joint cavity and the
bones are held together by
cartilage in cartilaginous joints.

 These joints can be

 an immovable synchondrosis
(cartilage) united by hyaline
cartilage (epiphyseal plates) or
 a slightly movable symphysis
(growing together) united by
fibrocartilage (pubic
symphysis).
 Synovial Joints
 A synovial joint contains a synovial (joint) cavity.
All synovial joints are diarthroses.

 Other characteristics of a synovial joint are the

presence of articular cartilage and an articular
( joint) capsule, made up of a fibrous membrane and
a synovial membrane.

 The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which

forms a thin, viscous film over the surfaces within the
articular capsule.

 Many synovial joints also contain accessory

ligaments and articular discs.

 Bursae are saclike structures, similar in structure to

joint capsules, that reduce friction in joints such as the
shoulder and knee joints.

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Synovial Joints

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints
 In a gliding movement, the nearly flat surfaces of bones move back-and-forth and
side-to-side.

 In angular movements, there is a change in the angle between bones. Examples are
flexion–extension, hyperextension, abduction–adduction, and circumduction.

 In rotation, a bone moves around its own longitudinal axis.

 Special movements occur at specific synovial joints in the body. Examples are as
follows: elevation–depression, protraction–retraction, inversion–eversion,
dorsiflexion–plantar flexion, and supination–pronation.

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints- GLIDING

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints- ANGULAR
 Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints

Abduction- ab (away)
Adduction- ad- toward
Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints- ROTATION

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints- SPECIAL MOVEMENT

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Synovial Joints-
• Types of synovial joints are plane,PLANE
hinge,
pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-
socket.

• In plane (planar) joints the articulating

surfaces are flat, and the bones glide back-
and-forth and side-to-side (many are
biaxial); they may also permit rotation
(triaxial). Examples of plane joints are the
joints between carpals and the joints
between tarsals.

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Synovial Joints-
HINGE
• In hinge joints, the convex surface
of one bone fits into the concave
surface of another, and the motion is
angular around one axis (uniaxial);
examples are the elbow, knee (a
modified hinge joint), and ankle
joints.

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Synovial Joints- PIVOT
• In pivot joints, a round or pointed
surface of one bone fits into a ring
formed by another bone and a ligament,
and movement is rotational (uniaxial);
examples are the atlanto-axial and
radioulnar joints.

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Synovial Joints-
CONDYLOID
 In condyloid joints, an oval projection
of one bone fits into an oval cavity of
another, and motion is angular around
two axes (biaxial); examples include the
wrist joint and metacarpophalangeal
joints of the second through fifth digits.
 Flexion. Extension, abduction,
adduction (biaxial plus limited
circumduction)

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Synovial Joints-
SADDLE
 In saddle joints, the articular surface of
one bone is shaped like a saddle and the
other bone fits into the “saddle” like a
sitting rider; motion is angular around two
axes (biaxial).
 An example is the carpometacarpal joint
between the trapezium and the metacarpal
of the thumb.
 Movement same with chondyloid joint:
biaxial (flexion extension and adduction
abduction)plus limited circumduction

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Synovial Joints
 In ball-and-socket joints, the ball-shaped
surface of one bone fits into the cuplike
depression of another; motion is around
three axes (triaxial). Examples include the
shoulder and hip joints.

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

90
 Endochondral Ossification
• Bone formation inside cartilage

• Cartilage models are replaced by bone

• Ex. All bones (except skull)

91
Steps in Endochondral Ossification
1. Chondroblasts build a cartilage model, the
chrondroblasts become chondrocytes.
2. Cartilage model calcifies (hardens).
3. Osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a
primary ossification center forms diaphysis.
4. Secondary ossification centers form epiphysis.
5. Original cartilage model is almost completely
ossified and remaining cartilage is articular
cartilage.
92
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Femur

Patella

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal
plate
Diaphysis
(a)

Length of bone
increases.
Epiphyseal side

1 New cartilage is
Thickness of produced on
1 epiphyseal the epiphyseal side
plate remains of the plate as the
Chondrocytes 1
unchanged. chondrocytes divide
Epiphyseal divide and enlarge.
and form stacks
plate of cells.
2 2 Chondrocytes
mature and 2
Bone is
3 added to enlarge.
Calcified cartilage diaphysis. 3 Matrix is calcified,
is replaced by bone. and chondrocytes
die. 3
Bone of
4 The cartilage on
diaphysis
4 the diaphyseal side 4
of the plate is LM 400x
(b) replaced by bone.
Diaphyseal side
(c)
(a): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc./ Photolibrary.com; (c): © Bio-Photo Assocs/Photo Researchers, Inc.
94
 Bone Growth
• Infancy and youth:
- long bones lengthen at epiphyseal plate
- long bones widen by adding more lamella

• End of bone growth (in length):

epiphyseal plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line

95
Figure
6.2b
 Bone Remodeling
• What is it?
- removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and
deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
- occurs in all bones
- responsible for changes in bone shape, bone
repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and
calcium ion regulation

97
 Bone Repair
1. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot
forms.
2. Callus forms which is a fibrous network between
2 fragments.
3. Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts
enter the callus and form cancellous bone this
continues for 4-6 weeks after injury.
4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form
compact and cancellous bone.

98
 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis
• Bone is a major storage site for calcium
• Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps
determine blood levels of calcium
• Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build
new bone
• Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break
down bone
• Calcium homeostasis is maintained by
parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
100
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Decreased Increased
1 5
blood Ca2+ blood Ca2+

Posterior aspect
of thyroid gland
Parathyroid 1 Decreased blood Ca2+ stimulates PTH
glands secretion from parathyroid glands.
Kidney
Thyroid gland 2 PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down
bone and release Ca 2+ into the blood.

3 In the kidneys, PTH increases Ca 2+

reabsorption from the urine. PTH also
3 stimulates active Vitamin D formation.
PTH Calcitonin 4 Vitamin D promotes Ca2+ absorption from
the small intestine into the blood.
2 6
Stimulates 5 Increased blood Ca2+ stimulates calcitonin
Vitamin D Inhibits
secretion from the thyroid gland.
osteoclasts osteoclasts
6 Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, which
Bone allows for enhanced osteoblast uptake of
Osteoclasts Ca2+ from the blood to deposit into bone.
promote Ca2+
uptake from Ca2+
4 bone.
Osteoblasts promote
Ca2+ deposition in bone.
Small intestine

Ca2+ Blood
 Hematopoietic Tissue
• What is it?
tissue that makes blood cells

• Red marrow:
location of blood forming cells

• Yellow marrow:
mostly fat

102
• Location of hematopoietic tissue in newborns:
most bones (red marrow)

• Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults:

- red is replaced with yellow marrow
- red marrow is mainly in epiphyses of femur
and humerus

103
 Bone Anatomy
• Foramen:
- hole
- Ex. Foramen magnum

• Fossa:
- depression
- Ex. Glenoid fossa
• Process:
- projection
- Ex. Mastoid process 104
• Condyle:
- smooth, rounded end
- Ex. Occipital condyle
• Meatus:
- canal-like passageway
- Ex. External auditory meatus
• Tubercle:
- lump of bone
- Ex. Greater tubercle
105
106
 Axial Skeleton
• Mastoid process:
attached to neck muscles

• External auditory meatus:

ear canal

• Nasolacrimal canal:
- canal between nasal cavity and eye
- conducts tears
107
• Styloid process:
attachment site for tongue

• Mandibular fossa:
depression where lower jaw and skull
meet

• Glenoid fossa:
where humerus meets scapula

108
• Hard palate:
roof of mouth

• Foramen magnum:
hole where spinal cord joins brainstem

109
• Zygomatic:
cheek bone

• Mandible:
lower jaw

• Maxilla:
upper jaw
110
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Incisive fossa
Maxilla

Palatine process of maxillary bone Hard

Horizontal plate of palatine bone palate
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone

Sphenoid bone Vomer

Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
External auditory canal Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle Mastoid process

Foramen magnum Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Nuchal lines

Inferior view 114

 Vertebral Column
• 7 cervical vertebra
• 12 thoracic vertebra
• 5 lumbar vertebra
• 1 sacrum
• 1 coccyx
• Atlas:
- 1st vertebra
- holds head
• Axis:
- 2nd vertebra
- rotates head
115
Functions of Vertebral Column
• Support

• Protect spinal cord

• Movement

119
 Thoracic Cage
• Protects vital organs
• 12 pair of ribs
• Sternum:
breastbone
• True ribs:
attach directly to sternum by cartilage
• False ribs:
attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage
• Floating ribs:
not attached to sternum 120
Pectoral Girdle
• Scapula:
shoulder blade

• Clavicle:
collar bone

122
Upper Limb Bones
• Humerus:
upper limb
• Ulna:
forearm
• Radius:
forearm
• Carpals:
wrist
• Metacarpals:
hand 124
 Pelvic Girdle
• Where lower limbs attach to body
• Pelvis:
includes pelvic girdle and coccyx
• Ischium:
inferior and posterior region
• Ilium:
most superior region
• Acetabulum:
hip socket (joint) 129
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Iliac crest
Ilium Articular surface
(area of
Iliac fossa articulation
with sacrum)

Pelvic brim Greater

Acetabulum sciatic notch
Greater Ischium
sciatic notch Pubis
Ischial spine
Ischial spine

Ischium
Pubic symphysis

Obturator foramen
Ischial tuberosity
(a) Lateral view (b) Medial view
133
Lower Limb Bones
• Femur:
thigh
• Patella:
knee cap
• Tibia:
large lower leg
• Fibula:
small lower leg
134
• Tarsals:
ankle

• Metatarsals:
foot

• Phalanges:
toes and fingers

135
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Head Head

Greater trochanter Greater trochanter

Neck Neck

Lesser trochanter

Linea aspera

Body (shaft) of femur

Medial
epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle Intercondylar fossa

Lateral condyle
Medial
condyle
Patellar groove

(a) Anterior view Posterior view

(b) Anterior
surface

137
Anterior view
140
 Articulations
• What are they?
where 2 bones come together (joint)
• Synarthrosis:
- nonmovable joint
- Ex. skull
• Amphiarthrosis:
- slightly movable joint
- Ex. Between vertebrae
• Diarthrosis:
- freely movable joint
- Ex. knee, elbow, wrist 141
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parietal
bone

Frontal
Squamous bone
suture
Coronal
suture

Occipital
bone

Lambdoid
suture

Mastoid (posterolateral)
fontanel
Sphenoidal
(anterolateral)
fontanel

Temporal bone
(a) Lateral view

Frontal bones
(not yet fused
into a single
bone)

Frontal
(anterior)
fontanel

Parietal
Sagittal
bone
suture

Occipital
(posterior)
fontanel
Occipital 142
bone
(b) Superior view
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Bone

Synovial membrane
Joint
Blood vessel Fibrous part of joint capsule
Nerve capsule

Bursa

Joint cavity (filled

with synovial fluid)
Articular
cartilage

Tendon
sheath

Tendon Outer layer

Bone Periosteum
Inner layer

143
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Class and Example Structures Joined Movement

of Joint
Plane
Acromioclavicular Acromion process of Slight
scapula and clavicle
Carpometacarpal Carpals and metacarpals Multiple axes as
2–5 a group
Costovertebral Ribs and vertebrae Slight
Intercarpal Between carpal bones Slight
Intermetatarsal Between metatarsal bones Slight
Intertarsal Between tarsal bones Slight
Intervertebral Between articular processes of Slight
adjacent vertebrae
Sacroiliac Between sacrum and coxal bone Slight
(complex joint with several
Plane planes and synchondroses)
Tarsometatarsal Tarsal bones and metatarsal Slight
bones

Saddle
Carpometacarpal Carpal and metacarpal Two axes
pollicis of thumb
Intercarpal Between carpal bones Slight
Sternoclavicular Manubrium of sternum Slight
and clavicle

Saddle

Hinge
Cubital (elbow) Humerus, ulna, and radius One axis
Knee Femur and tibia One axis
Interphalangeal Between phalanges One axis
Talocrural (ankle) Talus, tibia, and fibula Multiple axes;
one predominates

Hinge

Pivot
Medial atlantoaxial Atlas and axis Rotation
Proximal radioulnar Radius and ulna Rotation
Distal radioulnar Radius and ulna Rotation

Pivot

Ball-and-Socket
Coxal (hip) Coxal bone and femur Multiple axes
Humeral (shoulder) Scapula and humerus Multiple axes

Ball-and-socket

Ellipsoid
Atlantooccipital Atlas and occipital bone Two axes
Metacarpopha- Metacarpal bones and Two axes
langeal (knuckles) phalanges
Metatarsopha- Metatarsal bones and Two axes
langeal (ball of foot)
Radiocarpal (wrist)
phalanges
Radius and carpal bones Multiple axes 144
Temporomandibular Mandible and temporal bone Multiple axes;
Ellipsoid one predominates
 Types of Movement
• Flexion: bending
• Extension: straightening
• Abduction: movement away from midline
• Adduction: movement toward the midline
• Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms
down
• Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up
• Rotation: movement of a structure about the long
axis
145
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal
System and Joints
1. Decrease Collagen Production
2. Loss of Bone Density
3. Degenerative Changes

148