END TERM PRESENTATION

PE6040 – Advanced Seismic Data Analysis And

Interpretation

SEISMIC
MIGRATION
Presented By:-
Binish Khan
PE20M002
 OUTLINE
 Seismic Migration
 Necessity For Seismic Migration
 Understanding Migration And Migration Strategies
 Types Of Migration
 Time And Depth Migration
 Pre Stack And Post Stack Migration
 Migration Algorithms Comparison
 Migration Methods
 How Geologic Features Appear After Migration
 Effects Of Wrong Migration Velocities
 RESEARCH STUDY- Migration Methods For Seismic Data
 Summary
 References
 SEISMIC MIGRATION
• a tool used in seismic processing to get an accurate picture of underground layers
• geometric repositioning of return signals to show an event where it is being hit by the
seismic wave rather than where it is picked up.
• a technique for imaging the heterogeneities that cause reflected arrivals on seismic
reflection profiles.
• Seismic migration is based on the imaging principle that at the moment and location that
the incident wave u0 interacts with the heterogeneity to produce the scattered wave δu,
the waveform of the scattered waves exactly matches u0.

Figure: A seismic trace before and after migration

 NECESSITY FOR SEISMIC MIGRATION
Why Migration?
• Rearrange seismic data so that reflection events may be displayed at their true
position in both space and time.
 Laterally in up-dip direction
 Upward in time

• To obtain more accurate velocity information ( when performing pre-stack )

• Collapse diffraction back to their point of origin.
• Improve lateral resolution- collapse Fresnel zone.
• For more accurate ‘depth’ section.

Figure: Comparison of Migrated trace with an unmigrated trace

 UNDERSTANDING MIGRATION AND
MIGRATION STRATEGIES
Understanding the simple ray-based time migration is a first important step in understanding
different migration strategies.
 MIGRATION TYPES
There are a variety of migration algorithms, which can be classified by their
output domain.

TIME AND DEPTH MIGRATION

TIME MIGRATION DEPTH MIGRATION
Time Migration is the repositioning In depth migration, data are migrated
of the reflected seismic data to their in depth domain and the input data for
true reflection points in space and the process is unmigrated seismic
time. data in time domain. The output is
migrated data in the depth domain.

Does not take into account ray Takes ray bending and lateral velocity
bending and lateral velocity change. change into account.

Takes Shorter time. Requires greater computer time.

Time migration assumes that the Depth migration assumes that the
Figure: Schematic showing Time
diffraction shape is hyperbolic. arbitrary velocity structure of the Migration
Earth is known and will compute the
correct diffraction shape for the
velocity model.
Weaker sensitivity to the model. Stronger sensitivity to the velocity.
PRE STACK AND POST STACK MIGRATION
Pre Stack Migration Post Stack Migration
Migrate Data before stacking sequence occurs. Seismic Data is migrated after stacking
Require more knowledge about subsurface sequence occurs.
velocity structure

Takes long time . Less time.

High Cost. Low cost.

No data losses. Loss in data.

Figure : Pre- stack migration(left), Post stack Migration(right)

MIGRATION ALGORITHMS COMPARISON
 MIGRATION METHODS
All methods of seismic migration involve the back propagation (or continuation) of the seismic
wave field from the region where it was measured (Earth's surface or along a borehole) into
the region to be imaged.

Kirchhoff Migration:
• Kirchhoff-type Migration Methods are widely used in the current oil and gas industry for both depth imaging
and iterative velocity analysis.
• This method uses the integral form of the wave equation.
• Because of the integral form of Kirchhoff migration, its implementation reduces to stacking the data along
curves that trace the arrival time of energy scattered by image points in the earth.

Kirchhoff Migration Principle:

Migration based on the Kirchoff
summation of energy along the
diffraction hyperbola (we correct for
obliquity, geometrical spreading and
the wavelet shaping).
Syncline and anticline are not
matched correctly if we are not
migrating them. Syncline events
cross each other, in anticline look
wider than it is we have artefacts at
the edges. Figure: Kirchhoff Migration showing sum of diffraction
hyperbola
 NON-OFFSET MIGRATION
In this type of migration source and receiver are at the same location.

Advantages:

 Geometry is simple.
 Shape of the migration operator is simple.

Figure: (a) Migration with offset (left); and (b) Non-offset migration with aperture
limit(right)
Difference between offset and non-offset migration is that shape of the migration
operator is different.
 HOW GEOLOGIC FEATURES APPEAR
AFTER MIGRATION?
 Dipping Events:
 Dipping Events appear to be steeper.
 Migration moves events up dip.
 Migration steepness events.
 Migration shortens even.

 Anticline:
 The anticline is broader and less steep on the
‘stack’ section.
 On the migrated section it appears less broad
and steeper sides.

 Syncline:
 Syncline appears on the stacked section as Bow-
Ties.
 Migration correct this shape.
 EFFECTS OF WRONG MIGRATION
VELOCITIES
The only important parameter that can be set is the velocity distribution.
Inaccurate velocity estimates will cause moveout artifacts such as “smiles” and “frowns” to
appear on depth migrated images.

Figure:
Stacked
Section and
its time
migrated
version with
the correct
and wrong
velocities

INFERENCES:
When the velocity is too low – The diffraction hyperbolae are not completely collapsed yet and
in result hyperbola is kept. Such a section is under migrated.
When the velocity is too high – The diffraction hyperbolae are corrected too much and over
migrated section will arise.
Migration can also be used to determine velocities - It is that velocity that images the
diffractor(s) in its original point with no diffraction effects visible anymore.
RESEARCH STUDY- Migration methods for
seismic data
DIRECT MIGRATION OF WHITE-NOISE DATA

SIMULATED REFLECTION VERSUS MIGRATION

 Figure:
Left: Simulated reflection shot panel
Right: Result from direct migration.
 CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH STUDY

The results from the direct migration of passive data and from
the migration of simulated reflection shot gathers are identical.
Depending on the objective (to have intermediate results or
not) one or the other can be used. The numerical examples
showed that while with decreasing number of subsurface noise
sources and shorter noise recordings drastically reduced the
quality of the simulated reflection response, the migration
process still delivers good results.
 SUMMARY
• Migration involves manipulating the data to display reflections at their true
position.
• It will move events upward in time.
• Move lateral events in the up-dip direction.
• It will collapse diffractions to their origin. It will also result in collapse of the
Fresnel zone and improves lateral resolution.
• It will result in noise attenuation (improves the velocity when performed pre-
stack).
• Smoothness in velocity is a requirement of the migration algorithm. If velocity
varies too much, it will result in change of the migration operator causing
migration swings that will not interfere properly.
• When we have the irregular data, the image, amplitude and everything will
be distorted.
• We have to taper the migration operator as energy will move to a very large
distance. If we have no bound, we are moving to the surface at very late
times, migration will take a lot of time. Thus, we cut it according to aperture
and dip and thus limiting it.
• The above result will also lead to a reduction in the migration noise as the
migration will be faster.
 REFERENCES
• Mike Lorentz And Robert Bradley, 2009, AN INTRODUCTION TO MIGRATION
• William Menke, 2018, Applications of Inverse Theory to Solid Earth Geophysics
• J. Bee Bednar, 2005, A brief history of seismic migration
• Brad Artman, Deyan Draganov, Biondo Biondi, and Kees Wapenaa, 2004, Migration
methods for seismic data
• Bancroft, J.C., 1998. A practical understanding of Pre- and Poststack Migration Volumes
1 & 2. SEG.
• Hatton L.,Worthington, M.H.,& Makin, J.,1986, Seismic Data Processing – Theory and
Practice. Blackwell.
• McQuillin, R., Bacon, M., & Barclay, W., 1984. An Introduction to Seismic Interpretation.
Graham & Trotman.
• Sheriff, R.E.,1991. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, SEG.
• Yilmaz, O. 1987. Seismic Data Processing. SEG.
Thank You!