PE6040 ADVANCED SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

BASIC SEISMIC PROCESSING SEQUENCE

PRESENTED BY:
RASHMI DAS (PE20M013)
DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERING
IIT MADRAS 1
 CONTENTS

• SEQUENCE OF SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

• RECORDED DATA vs PROCESSED DATA
• PROCESSING CHALLENGE
• GENERIC PROCESSING FLOWCHART
• SHOT RECORD
• CMP GATHER
• NMO CORRECTION
• VELOCITY ANALYSIS
• STACKED TRACE
• TRUE AMPLITUDE RECOVERY
• ELEVATION CORRECTION
• TRACE MUTING
• DECONVOLUTION
• SEISMIC MIGRATION
• REVIEW OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 2
SEQUENCE OF SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

Seismic Wave
Seismic Wave Recording
Source Propagation Recording
Source Propagation

Seismic Seismic
Seismic Seismic
processing interpretation
processing interpretation

OBJECTIVE OF SEISCMIC PROCESSING: to obtain accurate and 3

interpretable subsurface image.

RECORDED DATA vs PROCESSED DATA

DATA
PROCESSING

SUBSURFACE IMAGE

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FIELD RECORD
 PROCESSING CHALLENGE

• To remove non-geologic signals without impacting the amplitude and phase of primary
reflection.
• To understand how waves propagate and equations involved.
• To apply needed corrections to obtain accurate or near to approximate results.

OF

PROCESSING
ACCURATE
ELEMENTSOF

PROCESSING
ACCURATE
GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY
GOOD
ELEMENTS
GOOD COMPACT WAVELETS
COMPACT WAVELETS

REDUCED NOISE
REDUCED NOISE
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GENERIC PROCESSING FLOW

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GENERIC PROCESSING FLOW (post and pre stack
migration)

PRE STACK
POST STACK MIGRATION
POST STACK MIGRATION MIGRATION
 SHOT RECORD

MARINE SURVEY
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SHOT RECORD
 CMP GATHER
● Summing appropriate traces to enhance the geologic signal and reduce the random
noise
● The seismic method is plagued with random noises. To reduce these noises, we get
repeated measurements for each individual subsurface point - Common Mid Point
(CMP)

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 CMP GATHER

● Travel time differs with offset since the path for a

near offset trace is less than the path for a far offset
trace
● The curvature of the hyperbola is a function of the
average velocity down to the depth of the reflector
● With the correct velocity, we can compensate for
the difference in travel time for each trace
● With correct velocity, we can compensate for these
delays. This process is known as Normal Moveout
(NMO) Correction

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 NMO CORRECTION
● After applying NMO correction, we get a gather as if there is zero offset between all the
sources and receivers
● Velocity Semblance Diagrams are used to determine the velocity functions that best flattens
the gathers

Velocity Curve
Velocity
too low down
too low

Velocity Flat
Velocity
correct
correct

Velocity
Velocity
too fast Curve up 11
too fast
 VELOCITY ANALYSIS

• Velocity Analysis is the calculation of normal moveout velocity from

measurements of normal moveout.
• As the source to geophone distance increases the time for a signal to arrive
increases, and when plotted on a time vs distance graph the data forms a
hyperbola.
• There is a certain velocity value, dependent on the properties of the media
being looked at, with which one can cause the hyperbolic function to change to
a straight line.

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 STACKED TRACE

● Due to stacking,
geologic signal will be
additive and random
noise will get cancel to a
great extent.
● Stacking greatly
improves SNR
● The final output is a 10
fold stacked trace
NMO Stacked
CMP Gather corrected 13
Trace
Midpoint
gather
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 TRUE AMPLITUDE RECOVERY (TAR)

Spherical Divergence:

Loss of energy through time/depth and distance travelled

Energy decays by the inverse square of the distance travelled

Transmission Loss:
Energy is partitioned at each acoustic interface
The incident energy at layer N has been reduced by all of the
overlying reflected energy
Amplitude varies as Ttotal = RN(1-R2N-1)(1-R2N-2)........(1-R21)

where, Ttotal = total transmission loss

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RN = reflected energy from level N

Absorption
• Seismic energy is converted into heat. It depend on the input frequency.
• The higher the frequency, greater the loss of signal.
• Amount of absorption also depends on the rock type.
• Absorption is denoted by Q.

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The value of Q for both high and low frequency is same and are compared on
the basis of difference in the frequency.
ELEVATION CORRECTION

• We’ll get distorted hyperbolas

and gathers after stacking are
not flat after NMO correction
due to elevation artifacts
• After applying the time shift,
data appears as if it has all been
recorded on the seismic
reference datum. This is
referred to as Static Shift
• All the samples for each
individual trace are moved by
the same amount
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 TRACE MUTING

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BEFORE MUTING AFTER MUTING

DECONVOLUTION

Wavelet shaping to
improve recognition and
Increases the resolution
of seismic image

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 SEISMIC MIGRATION

In real world, reflectors are not always

horizontal. So mid point at the surface
will not be midpoint (reflecting point)
at subsurface topography.

Correcting for this reality is known as

Seismic Migration

In this scenario, if we make a trace, the

position of trace will be shown as the B
but the actual reflecting point is A.

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 POSITION CORRECTION (MIGRATION)

a) b) c)
a) b) c)

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REVIEW OF SOME RESEARCH
ARTICLES

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 Automatic NMO correction and velocity estimation by a
feedforward neural network
• In this paper, a new method of automatic normal moveout (NMO) correction and velocity
analysis that combines a feedforward neural network (FNN) with a simulated annealing
technique known as very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) is described.
• The task of the FNN is to map common midpoint (CMP) gathers at control locations along a
2-D seismic line into seismic velocities within predefined velocity search limits.
• The method minimizes a cost function defined in terms of the NMO-corrected data.
• Network weights are updated at each iteration of the optimization process using VFSA.
Once the control CMP gathers have been properly NMO corrected, the derived weights are
used to interpolate results at the intermediate CMP locations.
• In practical situations in which lateral velocity variations are expected, the method is
applied in spatial data windows, each window being defined by a separate FNN. 24
 Migration of Seismic Data

• Reflection seismology seeks to determine the structure of the earth from

seismic records obtained at the surface.
• The processing of these data by digital computers is aimed at rendering
them more comprehensible geologically.
• The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the major advances in
this field.
• Migration methods examined here fall in three major categories: 1) integral
solutions, 2) depth extrapolation methods, and 3) time extrapolation
methods.
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 REFERNCES:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta_3jv80M_g&t=501s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzNlXZ-8tTs&t=151s
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_migration#:~:text=Seismic%20migration%20is%20the%
20process,accurate%20image%20of%20the%20subsurface
• Carlos Calderon-Macıas, Mrinal K. Sen, and Paul L. Stoffa; Automatic NMO correction and
velocity estimation by a feedforward neural network; April 1999
• Ieno Gazdag and Piero Sguazzero; Migration Of Seismic data; November 1984
• http://www.geol.lsu.edu/jlorenzo/ReflectSeismol97/cmfraticelli/WWW/velocity.html

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THANK YOU!!!

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