CUIT401: Microprocessors

and Microcontrollers

Features of 16-bit 8086

microprocessor

Lecture 3
Presentation Layout
 Lecture objectives
 Introduction
 Features of 8086
 Architecture of 8086
 8086 co-processors
 8086 internal components
 Questions
 Conclusion
 References

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Lecture Objectives

At the end of the lecture students should be

able to:
 Describe the features of 8086/88
 Identify the internal components of
8086/88
 Explain the functions of BIU and EU
 Explain the implementation of pipeline in
8086

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Introduction

 All modern Intel processors owe

their basic architectures to the 16-
bit 8086 processor
 Itis important to understand this
structure in order to understand
more complex Intel processors

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16 Bit?
 Introduced by Intel Corporation in
1978
 8086 is a 16bit processor.
 It’sALU, internal registers and
most of its instructions are
designed to work with 16bit
binary words

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 Upwardly compatible with the older
8080/8085 series of 8-bit
microprocessors- allow programs written
for the 8080/8085 to be easily converted
to run on the 8086
 8086 has a 16bit data bus. It can read
data from or write data to memory or
I/O ports either 16bits or 8 bit at a time.
 Internal data paths are 16 bits wide.

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 8086has a 20bit address bus/lines which
means, it can address up to 220 = 1 048
576 memory locations 1Mbytes of memory
words.
 Each of the 1 048 576 memory addresses
of the 8086 represents a byte –wide
location. i.e. 16 bit numbers are stored
in two consecutive memory locations.

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 Ifthe first byte of a word is at an even address, the
8086 can read the entire word in one operation. If
the first byte of the word is at an odd address, the
8086 will read the first byte of the word in one
operation, and the second byte in another operation.
 Due to the 1Mbytes memory size multiprogramming is
made feasible as well as several multiprogramming
features have been incorporated in 8086 design.
 8086 includes few features, which enhance
multiprocessing capability (it can be used with math
coprocessors like 8087, I/O processor 8089 etc.

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 Operates on +5v supply and single phase
(single line) clock frequency. (Clock is
generated by separate peripheral chip
8284).
 8086 comes with different versions.
Frequency range of 8086 is 5-10 MHz 8086
runs at 5 MHz (standard operating speed),
8086-2 runs at 8 MHz, 8086-1 runs at 10
MHz
 It is housed in a 40-pin Dual-Inline-
Package (DIP)
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 Contains approximately 29,000 transistors
and is fabricated using the HMOS((High
density, short channel MOS) technology .
 Ithas multiplexed address and data bus
due to which the pin count is reduced
considerably.
 The min mode is designed for small single
processor systems whilst in the max mode
the device is designed to work in medium
or large systems using more than one
processor.
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Higher Throughput (Speed)(This is
achieved by a concept called
pipelining).
Nowadays 8086 is no longer used. But
the concept of its principles and
structures is very useful for
understanding other advanced Intel
microprocessors.

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Coprocessors

8086 MP is a member of
IAPX-86 family. The family
includes several “ slave”
processors that perform
jobs that the processor
itself cannot or not as easily
Coprocessors ctd
 A coprocessor is a chip that works side-by-
side with the main microprocessor 
 The coprocessor handles some of the more
specialized tasks, such as doing math
calculations or displaying graphics on the
screen, thereby taking some of the work
load off the main processor so it can go on
with the business of directing and keeping
order over the whole show. 

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Coprocessors ctd
 A coprocessor is installed to reduce the
burden on a computer's CPU and thus free
it for more general duties such as
transferring data and handling multiple
tasks. 
 A coprocessor may be designed to work
just with a particular type of CPU, in
which case its instructions can be
included in the main program and are
passed on to the coprocessor by the CPU
as it encounters them.

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Coprocessors ctd

 Inother cases, the coprocessor

may require its own separate
program and program memory,
and communicates with the
CPU by interrupts or message
passing via a shared memory
region. 
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8086 Support Processors

1. 8284 – clock generator

2. 8259A – Interrupt controller
3. 8282/8283/8286/8287 – bus demuxing
4. 8288 – bus controller
5. 8087 – numeric data processor/ math
coprocessor
6. 8089 – I/O processor
8087- Math co-processor
 Intel 8087 is a processor with architecture and
instruction set optimized for performing complicated
arithmetic operations.
 An 8087 instruction may perform a given
mathematical computation 100 times faster than the
equivalent sequence of 8086 instructions.
 8087 is an actual processor with its own specialized
instruction set. Instructions for 8087 are written in
the program as needed, interspersed with 8086
instructions.
 As a coprocessor (8087) is connected to 8086, 8086
operates in maximum mode. Thus the MN/MX¯ is
grounded.

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Support Component Function

8259A Programmable Identifies highest-priority

Interrupt Controller (PIC) interrupt request

8282 Octal Latch Demultiplexes and increases

8283 Octal Latch drive od address bus
(inverting)
8284 Clock Generator and Generates system clock for
driver 8086, 8088 and 8089
processors. RESET
synchronization. READY
synchronization.
Connected to 8086 by the RESET,
READY and CLK pins
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Support Component Function
8286 Octal Bus Increases drive on data bus
Transceiver
8287 Octal Bus
Transceiver (Inverting)
8288 Bus Controller Generates bus command
signals for 8086, 8088 and
8089 processors
Multi processor environment
8289 Bus Arbiter Controls access of
microprocessors to
multimaster system bus
8237 DMA Controller  

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Architecture of 8086
 Architecture describes the functional
components that make up the MPU and the
interaction between them.
 Include the temporary storage devices known as
registers, which are used to hold data,
instructions, and status information.
 There are also devices to perform arithmetic
and logical operations.
 Controldevices are used to control the flow of
information through the MPU.
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21
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 8086CPU is divided into two independent
functional parts, the Bus interface unit (BIU)
and execution unit (EU).

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Bus interface unit (BIU)
 The BIU main components are
 Segment Registers
 Instruction Pointer
 6-Byte Instruction Queue

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Functions of BIU

 It handles transfer of data and addresses between the

processor and memory / IO.
 It reads data from memory and I/O devices.
 It writes data to memory and I/O devices.
 It computes and sends out addresses.
 It fetches instruction codes.
 It stores fetched instruction codes in a FIFO register
called QUEUE.

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Instruction Queue
 To increase the execution speed, BIU fetches as many as six
instruction bytes ahead to time from memory.
 All six bytes are then held in first-in-first-out 6-byte register
called instruction queue.
 Then all bytes are given to EU one by one.
 This pre-fetching operation of BIU may be in parallel with
execution operation of EU, which improves the execution speed
of the instruction.

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Execution Unit

 Execution Unit contains:

 General Purposes Registers
 Stack Pointer
 Base Pointer
 Index Registers
 ALU
 Flag Register
 Instruction Decoder
 Timing & Control Unit

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Functions of Execution Unit

 It receives opcode of an instruction from the QUEUE.

 It decodes it and then executes it.
 It tells BIU where to fetch the instructions or data from.
 It contains the control circuitry to perform various internal
operations.
 It has 16-bit ALU, which can perform arithmetic and logical
operations on 8-bit as well as 16-bit data.

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Pipelining

 While EU executes instructions, BIU fetches instructions

from memory and stores them in the QUEUE.
 BIU and EU operate in parallel independent of each
other.
 This type of overlapped operation of the functional
units of a MP is called Pipelining.

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Questions
 Explain the implementation of pipelining in
8086 processor?
 Identify the various versions and speeds of
8086
 Explain the use of each : ROM, PROM,
EPROM, EEPROM
 State and explain 2 similarities and 2
differences oft he Intel 80386 chip and the
Motorola 68030 chip.

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Questions ctd
 What are the data bus sizes and address bus sizes of:
a. 8088
b. 8086
c. 80286
d. 80386sx
e. 80386
f. 80486
g. 80586/Pentium

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Questions ctd

 Describe the difference between a Harvard architecture

machine and a Von Neumann architecture machine.
Where would you place 8086MP and 8051MC

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Conclusion

 Instruction set for 8086 is extended to higher processors

 Programs written for 8086 should run in higher
processors with minimum modifications

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References

 Brey, B.B., 2009. The Intel

Microprocessors, 8086/8088-Core2 with
64bit extensions: Architecture,
Programming and Interfacing. 8th ed. New
Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall International.
 Chen, W.-K., 2003. Memory,
Microprocessor and ASIC. CRC Press, LLC.
 Crisp, J., 2004. Introduction to
Microprocessors and microcontrollers. 2nd
ed. Elsevier.
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