Chapter 5

Mass and Energy Analysis of Open Systems

Course Outcomes
• Ability to acquire and explain the basic
concepts in thermodynamics.
• Ability to comprehend and apply the concept
to the actual conditions and problems; i.e.
closed and open systems.
• Ability to apply and correlate the concept with
the appropriate equations and principles to
analyze and solve engineering problems.
 Course Learning Outcomes
The student should be able to :
• Explain the mechanisms of energy transfer for an
open system.
• Write down the general energy and mass balances
for an open system and simplify the energy and
mass balances for steady flow systems.
• Solve energy balance problems for common
steady-flow devices namely, nozzle, compressors,
turbine and throttling valve.
 Contents
5.1 Energy Balance for Open Systems
5.2 Conservation of Mass
5.3 Flow Work and Energy of Flowing Fluid
5.4 Energy Transport by Mass
5.5 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
5.1 Energy Balance for Open
Systems

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 5.2 CONSERVATION OF MASS

Conservation of mass:
Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or
destroyed during a process.

Closed systems:
The mass of the system remain constant during a process.

Control volumes:
Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must keep track of the amount of
mass entering and leaving the control volume.

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 Mass Flow Rates Volume Flow Rates

∙ V V  Vavg Ac (m3 /s)

m  V  (kg/s)
v

The average velocity Vavg is defined as The volume flow rate is the volume of
the average speed through a cross fluid flowing through a cross section
section. per unit time.

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 Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume:
The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval t is
equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the
control volume during t.

Conservation of Mass for General Control Volume

The conservation of mass principle for the open system or control volume is expressed as

  
Total mass entering  Total mass leaving 
the CV during t the CV during t  
Net change in mass
within the CV during t 
min  mout  mCV (kg)
 in  m
m  out  dmCV /dt (kg/s)

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 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
Steady-flow process, mCV = constant ,
Conservation of mass principle  the total amount of mass entering a control volume
equal the total amount of mass leaving it.

 m   m
in out (kg/s) Multiple inlets and exits

1  m
m 2  1V1 A1   2V2 A2 (kg/s) Single stream

Nozzles, diffusers, turbines,

compressors and pumps involve a
single stream (only one inlet and
one outlet).

Conservation of mass principle for a two-

inlet–one-outlet steady-flow system. 9
 Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when the
fluid is incompressible, which is usually the case for liquids.

 Vin   Vout (m3 /s) Steady,

incompressible

V1  V2  V1 A1  V2 A2 Steady,

incompressible flow
(single stream)

For steady flow of liquids, the volume flow rates, as well as the
mass flow rates, remain constant since liquids are essentially
incompressible substances.

During a steady-flow process, volume flow rates are not 10

necessarily conserved although mass flow rates are.
 5.3 FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A
FLOWING FLUID
Flow work, or flow energy: The work (or energy)
required to push the mass into or out of the control
volume. This work is necessary for maintaining a
continuous flow through a control volume.

In the absence of acceleration, the force

applied on a fluid by a piston is equal to the
force applied on the piston by the fluid.
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Schematic for flow work.
Open System:

The energy content of a

control volume can be
changed by mass flow as
well as heat and work
interactions.

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 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The flow energy is
automatically taken
care of by enthalpy.
In fact, this is the
h = u + Pv main reason for
defining the property
enthalpy.

Nonflowing fluid Flowing fluid

V2 V2
eu  gz   Pv  u   gz
2 2

Internal Kinetic Potential Flow Potential

Internal Kinetic
energy energy energy energy energy
energy energy
The total energy consists of 3 parts for a nonflowing fluid
and 4 parts for a flowing fluid. 13
 5.4 Energy Transport by Mass

When the kinetic and potential energies of

a fluid stream are negligible

When the properties of the mass at

each inlet or exit change with time as
well as over the cross section
The product m  ii is the energy
transported into control volume by
mass per unit time.

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 Example 5.3
Steam is leaving 4-L pressure cooker
whose operating pressure is 150 kPa. It
is observed that the amount of liquid in
the cooer has decreased by 0.6 L in 40
min after the steady operating conditions
are established, and the cross-sectional
area of the exit operating is 8 mm2.
Determine
(a) The mass flow rate of the steam and the
exit velocity
(b) The total and flow energies of the steam
per unit mass
(c) The rate at which energy leaves the
cooker by steam 15
 5.5 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems

Many engineering systems such as power plants operate under steady conditions.

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and

energy contents of a control volume remain
constant.

Under steady-flow conditions, the fluid

properties at an inlet or exit remain constant
(do not change with time).

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 Mass and Energy balances for a
steady-flow process
Mass balance

A water heater in
Energy balance steady operation.

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 Rate of all work
done, excluding
∆pe (m2/s2 or J/kg)
Wflow and Wb

∆h (kJ/kg) = ∆ke (m2/s2 or J/kg)

∆u + P∆v
Rate of heat
transfer

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 Energy balance relations with sign conventions
(i.e., heat input and work output are positive)

when kinetic and potential energy Some energy unit equivalents

changes are negligible

Under steady operation, shaft work and electrical

work are the only forms of work a simple 19
compressible system may involve.
 STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

Example: Turbines
Compressors Conveniently analyzed as
Heat exchangers steady-flow devices
Pumps

NOZZLES & TURBINES &

DIFFUSERS COMPRESSORS
THROTTLING
VALVES
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 • Nozzles and diffusers are commonly
NOZZLES & utilized in jet engines, rockets,
spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
DIFFUSERS • A nozzle is a device that increases the
velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure.
• A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
• The cross-sectional area of a nozzle
decreases in the flow direction for
subsonic flows and increases for
supersonic flows. The reverse is true for
diffusers.

Energy balance for a nozzle or diffuser

Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so

that they cause large changes in
fluid velocities and thus kinetic 21
energies.
 Example 5.4
Air at 10°C and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a
jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s.
The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air
leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very
small compared with the inlet velocity.
Determine:

(a) The mass flowrate of the air

(b) The temperature of the air leaving the
diffuser 22
 Example 5.5
Steam at 1.8 MPa and 400°C steadily enters a
nozzle whose inlet area is 0.02 m2. The mass
flowrate of steam through the nozzle is 5 kg/s.
Steam leaves the nozzle at 1.4 MPa with a velocity
of 275 m/s. Heat losses from the nozzle per unit
mass of the steam are estimated to be 2.8 kJ/kg.
Determine:

(a) The inlet velocity

(b) The exit temperature of the steam
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 TURBINES & • Turbine drives the electric generator In steam,
gas, or hydroelectric power plants.

COMPRESSORS • As the fluid passes through the turbine, work

is done against the blades, which are attached
to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and
the turbine produces work.
• Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are
devices used to increase the pressure of a
fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from
an external source through a rotating shaft.
• A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly
and is mainly used to mobilize a gas.
• A compressor is capable of compressing the
gas to very high pressures.
• Pumps work very much like compressors
Energy balance for the compressor except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.

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 Example 5.6
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed
steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The mass
flowrate of the air is 0.02 kg/s and a heat loss
of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the process.
Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential
energies are negligible, determine the
necessary power input to the compressor.

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 Example 5.7
P1 = 2 MPa
The power output of an adiabatic T1 = 400°C
steam turbine is 5 MW. The inlet V1 = 50 m/s
and the exit conditions of the z1 = 10 m

steam are as indicated the figure.

(a) Compare the magnitudes of Δh,
Δke and Δpe
(b) Determine the work done per
unit mass of the steam flowing
through the turbine
(c) Calculate the mass flowrate of
P2 = 15 MPa
the steam x2 = 90%
V2 = 180 m/s
z2 = 6 m
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 THROTTLING Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices
that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a throttling
VALVES valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a
large drop in temperature, and for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in refrigeration and air-
conditioning applications.

Energy balance

The temperature of an ideal gas does not During a throttling process, the enthalpy of a
change during a throttling (h = constant) fluid remains constant. But internal and27flow
process since h = h(T). energies may be converted to each other.
 Example 5.8
R-134a enters the capillary tube of a
refrigerator as saturated liquid at 0.8 MPa
and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa.
Determine the quality of the refrigerant at
the final state and the temperature drop
during this process.

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