Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WiMAX
Prepared by,
•Deval Naik
•Rohit Kulkarni
•Ashley T
•Tushar Sharma
•Siddharth Sinha
•Sanket Kulkarni
1
3G Evolution (source: Nokia)
2
IEEE 802.16x Genealogy
• Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface for 10 – 66 GHz, Line-of-sight only, Point-to-Point
applications
802.16
(Dec 2001)
• Extension for 2-11 GHz
• Non-LOS, Point-to-Multi-
802.16c Point applications such as
802.16a “last mile” access & B/H
(2002)
(Jan 2003)
802.16 amendment • Published as 802.16 –
for Line of Sight, 2004, replacing earlier
Point to Point backhaul revisions
using spectrum 802.16d • Fixed & Portable
applications 2 – 6 GHz
between 10 - 66 GHz (Q3 2004) • HIPERMAN compatibility
• Mobility to highway
speeds in licensed bands
from 2-6 GHz
802.16e • Roaming within &
(Q4 2005) between service areas
• WiBRO Compatibility
3
Advantages Over Wifi
Improved Performance
Much Greater Distances
Much Better MAC
NLOS Ability (Non line of sight)
4
Usage Areas
Broadband Internet Access
Voip , IPTV services
Cellular Phones
5
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16 (2001)
Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System MAC and PHY Specifications for
10 – 66 GHZ (LoS)
One PHY: Single Carrier
Connection-oriented, TDM/TDMA MAC, QoS, Privacy
IEEE 802.16a (January 2003)
Amendment to 802.16, MAC Modifications and Additional PHY Specifications for 2 – 11
GHz (NLoS)
Three PHYs: OFDM, OFDMA, Single Carrier
Additional MAC functions: OFDM and OFDMA PHY support, Mesh topology support, ARQ
IEEE 802.16d (July 2004)
Combines both IEEE 802.16 and 802.16a
Some modifications to the MAC and PHY
IEEE 802.16e (2005)
Amendment to 802.16-2004
MAC Modifications for limited mobility
6
IEEE 802.16 -- Introduction
Coverage range up to 50km and speeds up to 70Mbps (shared among users)
7
Adaptive PHY
Source: Understanding WiMAX and 3G for Portable/Mobile Broadband Wireless, Technical White Paper, Intel.
8
High Data
Rate
All IP –
Based
Mobility Network
WiMax Architecture
Feature
QoS
s OFDM
based air
interface
Deployment
flexibility
(System
Profiles)
9
Duplex Scheme Support
The duplex scheme is Usually specified by regulatory
bodies, e.g., FCC
Time-Division Duplex (TDD)
Downlink & Uplink time share the same RF channel
Dynamic asymmetry
does not transmit & receive simultaneously (low cost)
Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)
Downlink & Uplink on separate RF channels
Full Duplexing (FDX): can Tx and Rx simultaneously;
Half-duplexing (HDX) SSs supported (low cost)
10
FDD MAPs Time Relevance
DL UL
DL UL MAP MAP
MAP MAP
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
frame
Broadcast Half Duplex Terminal #1
Full Duplex Capable User Half Duplex Terminal #2
11
WiMAX Forum
WiMAX Forum Board Denotation Purpose
SPWG Service provider working To influence ongoing
group standardization
AWG Application working group To uniquely enrich the system
application network
NWG Network working group Responsible for everything
beyond the PHY and MAC
TWG Technical working group To provide inter operatibility
between MS’s/SS’s and BS’s
CWG Certification working group Issues related to certification
RWG Regulatory working group To provide globally spectrum
MWG Marketing working group Promotion of WiMAX forum
12
WiMAX Network Architecture
ASN V-CSN H-CSN
AAA AAA
BS HA HA
ASN
BS ROUTER ROUTER
-GW
IMS or IMS or
BS similar
DHCP similar DHCP
PST N
Internet
13
Access Service Network
Base Station (BS)
Place from where signals
are broadcasted
It cover up to 10 Km, it can
reach up to 50 Km if
geographical area supports
14
Access Service Network (Contd.)
ASN-GW (ASN Gateway)
Supports connection management
Mobility across cell sites
Inter service provider network boundary through
processing of subscriber control and bearer data
traffic
Serves as the Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP), authenticator for subscriber identity and
acts as radius client to the operator’s AAA servers
15
ASN Profiles
ASN Profiles
Profile B Profile C
Profile A Intra-ASN interfaces are not BS is Master Element and
BS is slave of the ASN-GW exposed fully in charge for RRC and
ASN-GW incorporates Any ASN-internal configuration
and communication is fine
handover control server
RRC and Handover control
BS and ASN-GW may be and traffic
Similar to legacy
integrated in a single network concentrator/relay
BSC/RNC element(IBS) function
16
Connectivity Service Network
AAA
Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
Home Network Service Provider (H-NSP)
▪ Provides backbone for ISP, most web users uses to
access internet and ISP connects to Internet Exchange
Session accounting for subscriber sessions
17
Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)
Home Agent
Provides efficient and scalable mechanism for
mobility within the network
Provides temporary IP address to visiting client
18
Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Computer networking protocol use by hosts (DHCP
clients) to retrieve IP address assignments and other
configuration information
Uses client server architecture
▪ Client sends a broadcast request for configuration information
▪ DHCP server receives the request and responds with configuration
information from its configuration database
19
Connectivity Service Network(Contd.)
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Provides the foundation for developing and
delivering rich multimedia services and
applications
Service Delivery Platforms allow you to expose
application programming interfaces (APIs) for all
network infrastructure components
Aid the access of multimedia and voice application
i.e., create a form of fixed mobile convergence
20
Concept of OFDM
21
OFDM(contd.)
22
Scaling of WiMAX OFDMA
Available Bandwidth No . Of Subcarriers ∆f T(b)
1.25 MHz 128 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
3.50 MHz 512 7.81 KHz 128 µs
5.00 MHz 512 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
7.00 MHz 1024 7.81 KHz 128 µs
8.75 MHz 1024 9.77 KHz 102.4 µs
10.00 MHz 1024 10.94 KHz 91.4 µs
20.00 MHz 2048 10.94 KHZ 91.4 µs
Typically heavily supported bandwidth are 5 MHz, 7MHz and 10 MHz
23
Benefits of OFDM
Frequency of all the subcarrier of must be an
integer multiple of lowest subcarrier
frequency
Capable of multi carrier transmission
Supports high speed devices still being
bandwidth efficient
Adjacent subcarrier must be orthogonal
24
OFDM Vs OFDMA
Time Time
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
Subcarrier Subcarrier
25
WiMAX Protocol Stack
EAP Msgs
BS EAP-
MAC-Ctrl ASN-Ctrl XYZ
MAC- Msgs MAC- ASN-Ctrl ASN-Ctrl DlA/Radius DlA/Radius
Msgs
CPS Basic CPS
ClD UDP UDP UDP UDP
Prim Mgmt
IP IP IP IP
ClD
MAC- MAC- Layer-2 Layer-2 Layer-2 Layer-2
SS SS
802.16 802.16 Layer-1 Layer-1 Layer-1 Layer-1
ASN-
R1 R6 GW R3
AAA
MS BS
26
MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e
Convergence Sublayer
Interface to upper layers
Packet Classification
Payload header Suppression
27
MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e(Contd.)
Common part Sublayer
Network entry and initialization
Media access, sharing and release
Connection Management
(CIDs, Service flows, QoS control)
Mobility Management
28
MAC Layer of IEEE 802.16e(Contd.)
Security Sublayer
Protection from Theft of service
Data Encryption over the air
PKMV2 support(EAP tunneling)
29
IP address Assignment
IP Address
Assignment
Simple IP Mobile IP
Proxy MIP
Client MIP
30
Simple IP Address Assignment
ASN-GW CSN DHCP
SS Server
(DHCP Relay)
DHCP Discover
DHCP Discover
DHCP Offer
DHCP Offer
DHCP Request
DHCP Request
DHCP ACK
DHCP ACK
31
Operating Modes
Normal mode
Power
Consumption
Initial data
transfer
32
Operating Modes (Contd.)
Sleep Mode
Power
Consumption
Initial data
transfer
33
Operating Modes (Contd.)
Idle Mode
Power
Consumption
Initial data
transfer
34
WiMAX Traffic Classes
WiMax
Traffic
classes
UGS RT-VR NRT-VR BE ERT-VR
35
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
UGS
Unsolicitated Grant Service
Fixed rate traffic
You can’t request new more bandwidth once the
connection is setup
36
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
RT-VR
Real time variable rate service
Variable rate of traffic allows to change the
allocated burst sizes
Rescheduling of bandwidth in any frame is
possible
37
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
NRT-VR
Non real time variable rate service
Reservation of some guaranteed rate is
mandatory
Delay in sensitive
38
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
BE
Best effort service
Only the maximum data rate is defined
Bandwidth depends on the resources in the cell at
a given time
39
WiMAX Traffic classes (Contd.)
ERT-VR
Extended real time variable rate service
According to data rate, rescheduling of the
bandwidth is possible
40
QoS parameters
Unsolicited
Grant
Interval
Maximum
Minimum
Traffic
reserved
sustain
traffic rate
traffic rate
Tolerated QoS Maximum
Jitter latency
Profile
Unsolicited
Traffic
polling
priority
interval
Maximum
traffic
burst
41
Handover Types
Handover
Types
Hard Soft
Handover Handover
FBSS (Fast
Break Before Make Before
Regular BS
Make Break
Switching)
42
Security
Authentication
For authentication X.509 certificate at the
subscriber station
Privacy and Key Management (PKM) provides
service provider authentication
IEEE 802.16e supports the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (Optional for service
providers)
43
Security(Contd.)
Encryption
The AES cipher is available, provides strong
support to confidentiality of data traffic
Management frames are not encrypted
44
WiMAX Threats
Three potential attacks open to adversaries,
Rogue base station
DoS attacks
Man in middle attacks
Network manipulation with spoofed management
frames
45
WiMAX vs Wi-Fi
46
The Opportunity in India
Population: 1.15 Billion people
India’s Tele-density
- Overall: 31%
Rural: 8.8%
Urban: 65%
Broadband: 0.4%
Internet: 4%
500 Million phone connections by
year 2010
High GDP Growth-8%
Increased Income of middle class
(300M)
PC Penetration: 2%
47
The Opportunity in India-Growth Pattern
No. of Connections (in Millions)
Growth of Telephone Connections
Wireline Wireless Total Wireline Wireless Total
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08
Jan 2008 -Aug
2008
48
Mobile Tariffs in India -one of the Lowest
0.25
0.23
0.22
0.2 0.19
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.11 0.11 0.11
0.1 0.09
USD
0.05 0.05
0.05 0.04
0.03
0.02
Hong Kong
Philippines
Argentina
Malayasia
Thailand
Pakistan
B elgium
France
C hina
Brazil
Taiwan
India
Italy
UK
49
India WiMAX Environment
Deployment in 3.3-3.4 Ghz band only
Most of the deployment are of proprietory
technology or 802.16 d version
BSNL has already deployed WiMAX ‘802.16 d’
version equipment in ten cities
VSNL,Reliance and few other operators/ISPs have
also deployed WiMAX systems mainly for enterprise
customers
50
Challenges
WiMAX 802.16 e technology is still
evolving.
High WiMAX CPE cost
Competitive/Alternate technologies-
3G,HSDPA,LTE, EVDO etc
Low PC Penetration
Less-availability of A.C. power in rural
areas
51
“Future of eMobility”
Thank You
52
