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Freedom and Existence in Phenomenology

Sartre's essay attempts a phenomenological ontology to discuss being and nothingness. It distinguishes between being-in-itself of things and being-for-itself of humans. For humans, existence precedes essence, and they define themselves through their free actions and projects. Facing this freedom, humans often experience anguish or use bad faith to escape responsibility for their choices.

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Alex Fong
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138 views15 pages

Freedom and Existence in Phenomenology

Sartre's essay attempts a phenomenological ontology to discuss being and nothingness. It distinguishes between being-in-itself of things and being-for-itself of humans. For humans, existence precedes essence, and they define themselves through their free actions and projects. Facing this freedom, humans often experience anguish or use bad faith to escape responsibility for their choices.

Uploaded by

Alex Fong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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L'homme est condamné à être libre

人是注定自由的——
沙特、虛無與自由

Yu Hui @ 好青年荼毒室
好青年荼毒室—哲學部
Being and Nothingness
An Essay on Phenomenological
Ontology

現象學式存有論的嘗試
I . 現象學式的存有論
1. 傳統 Ontology （存有論／本體論）
• Parmenides
2. 困難：表象／經驗世界與實有的劃分
3. 現象學式的存有論
II. 在己存有（ Being-in-itself ）及為己存有（ Being-for-
itself ）
1. Nausea
“Never until the last few days had I understood the meaning of 'existence'... when I
believed I was thinking about it, I was thinking nothing, my head was empty... Even
when I looked at things I was miles from dreaming that they existed... I picked them
up in my hands, they served me as tools, I foresaw their hardness. But that all
happened on the surface. If anyone had asked me what existence was, I would have
answered in good faith that it was nothing, simply an empty form that was added to
external things without changing anything in their nature.
Then all of a sudden there it was, clear as day; existence had suddenly unveiled
itself. It has lost the harmless look of an abstract category. It was the very paste of
things. This root was kneaded into existence. Or rather the root, the park gates, the
bench on which I sat, the sparse grass, all that had vanished: the diversity of things,
their individuality were only an appearance, a veneer. This veneer had melted,
leaving soft monstrous masses, all in disorder, naked in a frightful obscene
nakedness.”

- Sartre, La Nausée
II. 在己存有（ Being-in-itself ）及為己存有（ Being-for-
itself ）
1. Nausea
2. 事物的性質 VS 事物的存在本身
“Being is beyond negation and beyond affirmation”
“Being is what it is and is not what it is not”
“Being is self-identical”
“Being is full positivity”
“Being is itself”
“Being is”
II. 在己存有（ Being-in-itself ）及為己存有（ Being-for-
itself ）
1. Nausea
2. 事物的性質 VS 事物的存在本身
3. 經驗的另一向度
• 意向「物」時，同時意向自己
• 不及於「物」，就沒有意識
• 「無」；對 in-itself 的否定／「虛無化」
question or comment?
III. 人的存在結構
1. 實況性（ facticity ）及超越性（ transcendence ）
• 「存在先於本質」
2. 行動
• VS 動作
• original or fundamental project
3. 自由
question or comment?
IV. 面對自由：焦慮（ anguish ）與自欺（ bad faith ）
1. 焦慮
2. e.g. 侍應、同性戀者
3. 真誠（ sincerity ）
4. 本真（ authenticity ）
“…man is condemned to be free: condemned,
because he did not create himself, yet nonetheless
free, because once cast into the world, he is
responsible for everything he does.”

– Sartre, “Existentialism is a humanism”


fin.
merci beaucoup!

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