Urbanization

Causes and Effects

Urbanization

Urbanization  refers to a process in which an

increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the
suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely
connected with industrialization.
Industrialization is a process that extensively uses
inanimate sources of energy to enhance human
productivity.
  ollowing industrialization, surpluses increased
in both
agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions
of a population could live in cities. Economic
forces
were such that cities became the ideal places to
locate factories and their workers.
City or Urban Settlement

  $ %city% refers to a place of relatively

dens e s ettlement && dens e enough
so
that city residents can not grow
their own food res ources . $ city
population, therefore, is always
dependent upon its %hinterlands%
to provide it with food res ources .
Causes of Urbanization

 Industrial Revolution
 Industrialization following the Industrial
Revolution
 Emergence of large manufacturing
centers
 (ob )pportunities
  $vailability of easy transportation
 *igration
Chicago in +2

/opulation +0
Chicago in +1

/opulation +2,1,030
Effects of Urbanization

4 / os itive

4
5 egative
/ lus es

 6enefits include reduced transport

costs, exchange of ideas, and
sharing
of natural resources.
 Cities act as beacons for the rural

population because they represent a

higher standard of living
 Cities offer opportunities to people not

available in the countryside

/ lus es

 Social 7 Religious taboos8 sanctions

disappearing
 Education is a tool to eradicate social
evils
Industrialization, Urbanization,
Education, Legislation, Secularization&
se9uence of development
 :iffusion of urban culture to rural areas
*inuses

 Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due to;

 /ublic health issues resulting from contaminated water
and air and the spread communicable diseases due
to
 overcrowding.
 Unemployment and under employment
 Severe shortage of housing
<ransportation&commuting issues, lack of public

transport, no ade9uate
S ocial effects investment
& poverty, lack of opportunities ,
psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,
violence and other deviant behaviors
 /ublic health
 S anitation & the s ettlements were ill e9uipped to
handle large populations and their sanitation
needs
 /ollution = Caused by effluents, smoke and smog
 ire hazards = due to us e of flammable
materials and proximity8 congestion
 E pidemics & due to s pread of communicable
diseases caused by contaminated water 7
air 
Unemployment

Unemployment  is the condition of

willing workers lacking >obs or %gainful
employment%. 6efore industrialization
unemployment has been said not to
have been recognized as an issue in

rural areas, despite the %disguised

unemployment% of rural laborers having
little to do, especially in conditions of
overpopulation
 Impact of unemployment on

society
 Individual = failure to meet financial
obligations such as purchasing food
to
feed oneself and one?s family, and
paying one?s bills, failure to make
mortgage payments or to pay
rent
may lead to homelessness.
 S ocietal & ris ing unemployment
increases the crime rate
H ous ing

 )vercrowding
 Lo s s of privacy
 Lack of housing contributes directly to
crime, stress, and family breakdown
 Shortage of livable housing leading to
growth of slums
 Human beings have a right to lead a
life of dignity
<ransportation

 Transport or transportation  is the

movement of people and goods
from
one place to another.
 6ecause of the much higher densities

of people and activities in cities,

transportation is a key issue.
 Inade9uate8 lack of public transport

creates commuting problems

leading to loss of efficiency.
S ocial E ffects &
/ overty
 /overty is generally defined at the
individual or family level as not having
enough money to buy basic necessities.
 /overty is caused by lack of

opportunities
 /overty causes malnutrition and illness@ it

is a ma>or source of mental stress and

loss of self&esteem which may lead to
depression, and have a further negative
impact on health.
S ocial E ffects &
C rime
 inancial insecurity
 5 o welfare systems in place
 Lack of meaningful work ALow importance
to meaningful work and high importance
to higher profits and greater efficiencyB
 $nonymity &direct correlation between


higher crime rate and higher rootlessness

Urbanization in India
 In India, about D of the
population lives in cities.
 <he process of urbanization is still
nascent in the Indian context.
  $ncient India was a civilized society with
many urban centers and centers of learning.

E arly U rbanization &
  H arappa
* ohen>odaro
 Capitals &
  anau>
& U >>ain
 R eligious C enters & 6 odh
F aya   &
 University towns Garanas hi
  &
<aks has ila
5aland
 * u g h a l Cities
  $gra
 Lahore
 atehpur Sikri
 <he seven cities of :elhi
 Colonial Cities = :elhi, /ondicherry,
Foa
 Cantonment <owns = 6angalore,
Secunderabad,
5agpur,Lucknow
 Hill Resorts = Shimla, 5ainital,
:ar>eeling, )oty, odaikanal
 /orts = Surat, *umbai, Calicut,
olkatta, Gizag, Chennai
Effects of Colonization

 Introduction of estern systems of

education
 *acaulization Aafter Lord *acaulayB of
Indian Education
 :evelopment of labor force& skilled8
unskilled
 Independent India
  $dministrative capitals = Center 7
State
Industrial


<owns = 6hilai,
Rourkela,
(amshedpur, $hmedabad, Surat,
olar 
 <oday
 *egacities = *umbai, :elhi, olkatta,
Chennai, 6angalore, Hyderabad
 Rapid Urbanization& rate of
urbanization increasing
 <he process of urbanization is still
nascent in the Indian context.
 <his explains the focus of global
attention on the developing
nations.
 <here are huge profits to be made in
the process of development.