PHYSICS ART INTEGRATED PROJECT

ISSUED TO:
MEENAXI TOMAR
BY:
PRATHAM BANSAL
SIDDHARTH KHARE
PARTH JAIN
CLASS XII
PCM 2020-2021
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certifty that ________________ students of class XII A successfully
completed there
PHYSICS PROJECT
on the topic
OPTICAL FIBRES
under the guidance of
MRS. MEENAXI TOMAR
during the year
2020-2021
 INDEX
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• INTRODUCTION
• APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBRE
• STRUCTURE
• PRINCIPAL OF WORKING OF OPTICAL FIBRE
• TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
• TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE
• PROS
• CONS
• CONCLUSIONS
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGME
NT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mrs. MEENAXI TOMAR as well as our principal who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic Optical Fibre, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
 INTRODUCTION
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made
by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter
slightly thicker than that of a human hair. These
permit transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths and speeds than electrical cables.
The field of applied science and engineering
concerned with the design and application of optical
fibers is known as fiber optics. The term was coined
by Indian American physicist Narinder Singh
Kapany, who is widely acknowledged as the father
of fiber optics.
 APPLICATIONS OF
OPTICAL FIBERS
Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications. Some uses of
fiber optic cables include:
• Communication
Optical fiber is used to connect users and servers in a variety of network
settings and help increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission. It is
used as a medium for telecommunication and computer networking because it
is flexible and can be bundled as cables.
• Sensors
Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature,
pressure, and other quantities by modifying a fiber so that the property to
measure modulates the intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength, or transit
time of light in the fiber. The sensor can itself be an optical fiber or the fiber
may be used to connect a non-fiberoptic system to a measurement system.
• Power transmission
Optical fiber can be used to transmit power using a photovoltaic cell to convert
the light into electricity. It is especially useful in situations where it is desirable
not to have a metallic conductor as in the case of use near MRI machines,
which produce strong magnetic fields. Other examples are for powering
electronics in high-powered antenna elements and measurement devices used
in high-voltage transmission equipment.
• Medical Uses
They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright
light needs to be shone on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. Also used
in imaging tools (e.g. endoscopes) and lasers for surgeries.
• Defence/ Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic waves and SONAR , as wiring in aircraft,
submarines and other vehicles and also for field networking.
• Industrial/ Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as
sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements,
and as wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings.
• Broadcast/CATV
Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for wiring CATV,
HDTV, internet, video on-demand and other applications
• Other uses
In some buildings, optical fibers route sunlight from the roof to other parts
of the building. Optical-fiber lamps are used for illumination in decorative
applications, including signs, art, toys and artificial Christmas trees. Optical
fiber can also be used in structural health monitoring. This type of sensor
is able to detect stresses that may have a lasting impact on structures.
Optical fiber is also used in imaging optics.
 STRUCTURE
Generally, optical fiber cables have following
components in its structure:

• Outer jacket
• Strength member
• Coating
• Cladding
• Glass core
The main elements of optical fiber cables are:
• Glass Core
The Glass core is the innermost part of the fiber optic cable that is
made out of glass or special grade plastic. Glass core is the fiber
strand which is used to transmit light. It is extremely thin, flexible, and
has a cylindrical shape. Its sole purpose is to keep all the light within
itself and also to guide the light in a direction parallel to its axis. The
core, or inner transmitting cylinder, may have a diameter as small as
10 μm. The larger the diameter of the Glass core, more light can be
transmitted over it.
• Cladding
The cladding is the second layer on top of the core. It is also made of
glass or transparent plastic, but with a different material, so the refractive
index of the cladding is lower than that of the core. Cladding reduces
light scattering. Cladding is used to keep the reflection of light signals
within the core, so that so that light signals stay inside Glass core. Thus,
cladding reduces loss of light from the core to outside and increases
efficiency in addition to providing mechanical strength. Also, the cladding
protects the Glass core from outside contaminants.
• Outer jacket/ Coating
Cladding is enclosed in another outside layer called as coating or jacket.
The jacket exists purely for protecting the core and the cladding. It is
made up of flexible and abrasion-resistant varieties of plastic. Usually, the
jacket has another layer beneath it called a buffer. The buffer and the
jacket together protect the optical fiber from environmental and physical
damage.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
OF OPTICAL FIBRE

OPTICAL FIBRE WORK ON THE PRINCIPLE

OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
• The phenomenon which
occurs when the light rays
travel from a more optically
denser medium to a less
optically denser medium.
•CONDITIONS FOR TIR:
•The light ray moves from a more dense medium to a less
dense medium.
•The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical
angle.
•MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION:
•Critical angle, Ө
sinΘ=n2/n1
• Fibers in bundles are surrounded by a cladding material that has a lower index
of refraction than the core. The cladding prevents light from being transmitted
between fibers in a bundle. Without cladding, light could pass between fibers
in contact, since their indices of refraction are identical. Since no light gets
into the cladding (there is total internal reflection back into the core), none
can be transmitted between clad fibers that are in contact with one another.
The cladding prevents light from escaping out of the fiber; instead most of the
light is propagated along the length of the fiber, minimizing the loss of signal
and ensuring that a quality image is formed at the other end. The cladding and
an additional protective layer make optical fibers flexible and durable.
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE
• The classification based on the refractive index is as follows:
• Step Index Fibers: It consists of a core surrounded by the
cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction.
• Graded Index Fibers: The refractive index of the optical fiber
decreases as the radial distance from the fiber axis increases .
• The classification based on the materials used is as follows:
• Plastic Optical Fibers: The polymethylmethacrylate is used as a core
material for the transmission of the light.
• Glass Fibers: It consists of extremely fine glass fibers.
• The classification based on the mode of propagation of light is as
follows:
• Single-Mode Fibers: These fibers are used for long-distance transmission of
signals.
• Multimode Fibers: These fibers are used for short-distance transmission of
signals.
 IMAGE OF
EXPERIMENT
PERFORMED BY US
 PROS
• Greater bandwidth & faster speed—Optical fiber cable
supports extremely high bandwidth and speed. The large
amount of information that can be transmitted per unit of
optical fiber cable is its most significant advantage
• Cheap—Long, continuous miles of optical fiber cable can
be made cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire.
With numerous vendors swarm to compete for the market
share, optical cable price would sure to drop.
• Thinner and light-weighted—Optical fiber is thinner, and
can be drawn to smaller diameters than copper wire. They
are of smaller size and light weight than a comparable
copper wire cable, offering a better fit for places where
• Higher carrying capacity—Because optical fibers are much
thinner than copper wires, more fibers can be bundled into a
given-diameter cable. This allows more phone lines to go over
the same cable or more channels to come through the cable into
your cable TV box.
• Light signals—Unlike electrical signals transmitted in copper
wires, light signals from one fiber do not interfere with those of
other fibers in the same fiber cable. This means clearer phone
conversations or TV reception.
• Less signal degradation—The loss of signal in optical fiber is
less than that in copper wire.
• Long lifespan—Optical fibers usually have a longer life cycle for
over 100 years.
 CONS
• Low power—Light emitting sources are limited to low power.
Although high power emitters are available to improve power
supply, it would add extra cost.
• Fragility—Optical fiber is rather fragile and more vulnerable to
damage compared to copper wires. You’d better not to twist or
bend fiber optic cables too tightly.

• Distance—The distance between the transmitter and receiver

should keep short or repeaters are needed to boost the signal.
 CONCLUSION

FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION IS WIDELY USED FOR DATA

TRANSMISSION AND IS INCREASINGLY BEING USED IN PLACE OF
METAL WIRES BECAUSE OF ITS EFFICIENCY AND HIGH TRANSMISSION
CAPACITY. WE HAVE SEEN THE FIBRE OPTIC CABLES HAVE REPLACED
TRADITIONAL COPPER TWISTED – PAIR CABLE OR COAXIAL CABLE.
AS THE USE AND DEMAND FOR GREAT BANDWIDTH AND FAST
SPEED,THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION WILL
BRING MORE OPPORTUNITIES AND BE CONTINUOUSLY RESEARCHED
AND EXPANDED TO CATER FOR FUTURE DEMANDS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• PHYSICS XII NCERT
• WWW.WIKEPEDIA.COM
• WWW.SCIENCE.COM
• WWW.GOOGLE.COM
• WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET