Guide : Dr.

Ansuman Panigrahi
Associate Professor
Dept . Of Community
Medicine,KIMS

Presented
By: Dr . Shalini Ray

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Quality

Quantity

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The WHO published guideline for drinking water
quality.
Its implementation ensures safety of drinking
water supplies.
Guidelines for drinking water quality recommended
by WHO (2011) relate to :
I. Acceptability aspects
II. Microbiological aspects
III. Chemical aspects
IV. Radiological aspects
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 Physical
parameters

Acceptability

Inorganic
constituents

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 Turbidity
Drinking water should be free from turbidity.

Interferes with disinfection and

microbiological determination.

Acceptable level - turbidity of less than 4 NTU

Measured with Turbidity meter

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Drinking water should be free from colour .
Organic matter, iron , manganese , industrial waste
etc.
The guideline value - 15 true colour units (TCU).

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Develop due to contamination by chemicals.
Storage and distribution.

Indicative of pollution or malfunction during water

treatment or distribution.

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Low water temperature
Decrease the efficiency of treatment process.
High water temperature
Enhances the taste, odour .
Corrosion problem may increase.
No guideline value is recommended.

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All water including rain water contain chlorides.

Standard level for chloride - 200 mg/ litre .

Maximum permissible level - 600 mg/ litre

Measured by spectrophotometer or titration method.

Spectrophotometer

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Taste threshold for calcium ion - 100-300 mg/ litre .

Excessive soap consumption and scum formation.

Forms deposits of calcium carbonate scale on
heating.
Soft water : low buffer capacity ,corrosive for
water pipes.
Measured by titration method.

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Ammonia originates from metabolic, agricultural and
industrial processes and from disinfection with
chloramine .
Natural levels - below 0.2 mg/ litre
Anaerobic ground water contains 3mg/ litre
Its presence indicates pollution by bacteria ,
sewage or animal waste.

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pH< 7 causes severe corrosion
Acceptable range - 6.5 to 8.5.
Measured with pH meter

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Acceptable limits- 0.05-0.1 mg/l
Gives rotten egg odour (stagnant water)
Iron
On exposure to atmosphere ferrous iron oxidises to
ferric ion
Gives reddish brown colour to water
Deposit slimy coating on pipes
Sodium
Measured with Flame photometer.
Average taste threshold for sodium - 200 mg/ l
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Flame photometer

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 Important effect on taste of water
Acceptability levels of TDS -<1000mg/litre
Excessive levels cause scaling of boilers , pipes
Zinc
Gives undesirable astringent taste
Zinc content >5mg/litre gives opalescent look
and greasy film on boiling
Manganese
Acceptable levels-<0.1mg/litre
Excess Mg stains sanitary ware and laundry
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Increases corrosion of steel fittings
Concentration >1mg/litre cause staining of laundry
and sanitary ware

Aluminium
Concentration >0.2mg/l leads to deposition
Aluminium hydroxide floc.

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 Bacteriological indicators

 Virological aspects

 Biological aspects

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Coliform organisms-
Present in human intestine
Presence indicates faecal contamination
Faecal streptococci-
Occur in faeces
Confirmatory evidence of recent faecal
contamination
Cl.perfringens –
Resist chlorination
Presence suggest faecal contamination
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 Coliforms - Faecal groups -E coli
Non Faecal – Klebsiella aerogens

Why coliforms?
 Coliforms are abundant in intestine(200-400billion/day)
 Easily detected by culture
 Survive longer than other pathogens
 Greater resistance to forces of natural purification
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ORGANISMS GUIDELINE VALUE
All water intended for drinking Must not be detectable in
any 100ml sample
Treated water entering Must not be detectable in any
distribution system 100ml sample
(E.coli ,total coliform count)
Treated water entering Must not be detectable in
distribution system any 100ml sample
(E.coli ,total coliform In c/o large supplies, must not
count) be present in 95% of samples
taken throughout any 12month
period

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Free from virus
Disinfect with 0.5 mg/ml of free chlorine
residual after contact period of at least
30 minutes at pH 8.(Hep A)
Others need 0.2 mg/ml
Criteria

Ozone :0.2-0.4 mg/ml for 4 minutes

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 Protozoa-
E.histolytica , Balantidium coli
Helminths-
Infective form of round worm, hook worm
dracunculus medinensis , schistosomes
Free living-
fungi ,algae interfere with water treatment

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Guinea worm disease

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 Inorganic constituents

 Organic constituents

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Inorganic constituents Guideline value
Arsenic 0.01mg/l
Cadmium 0.3ug/l
Chromium 0.05 mg/l
Cyanide 0.07 mg/l , acute toxicity
Fluoride 1.5mg/l
Lead 0.01mg/l
Mercury 0.006 mg/l
Nitrate 50mg/l
Nitrite 3mg/l
Selenium 0.01mg/l
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Nitrate & nitrite – nitrate - 50 mg/l
nitrite – 3
Conc: of nitrate + Conc:of
mg/l nitrite =<1
G.value of nitrate G.value of
nitrite

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ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS UPPER LIMIT OF CONC(mcg/l)

CHLORINATED ALKANES

CCl4 2
dichloromethane 20
CHLORINATED ETHENES

Vinyl chloride 55
1.1-dichloroethene 30
1.2-dichloroethene 50
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

benzene 10
toluene 700
xylene 500
Ethyl benzene 300
styrene 20

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PAH and turbidity
Restriction on coal tar based lining in storage tanks
Source of contamination should be identified

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Radioactivity should be as low as possible
Guideline values-
Gross alpha activity-0.5 Bq /L
Gross beta activity- 1.0 Bq /L
1Bq= 1 disintegration per
second
SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING
WATER QUALITY

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“ Continuous and vigilant public health assessment

and overview of the safety and acceptability of

drinking-water supplies”(WHO-1976)

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Quality
Quantity
Accessibility
Affordability
Continuity of drinking-water supplies

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•At home
•Source
•Safe source
•Ways to prevent

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 Identify & evaluate factors associated with
drinking water which could pose a health risk

To take both preventive & remedial action

For development of rational strategies for

improvement of quality of water supply services

To meet agreed national standards & institutional

targets
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 Direct
Audit approach
Assessment

Information
regarding system
performance

Review records to ensure

data is reliable.

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 Approval of new sources(Including private owned)

 Watershed protection
 Approval-construction & operating procedures of water

works
 disinfection of the plant & distribution system
 periodic flushing programmes & cleaning of
water storage facilities
 certification of operators
 regulation of chemical substances
 Cross-connection control ,back flow
prevention ,leak detection 39
 Sanitary surveys

 Monitoring programmes

 Development of codes of practice for well

construction ,pump installation and plumbing

 Inspection quality control in bottled water

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 Sanitary Survey
 Sampling
 Bacteriological Surveillance
1)Presumptive Coliform Test
- Multiple Tube Method
Membrane Filtration
Technique 2)Detection Of Faecal
Strep &
Cl.Perfringes
3)Colony Count
 Biological Examination
 Chemical Surveillance 41
 A sanitary survey defined as

“an on-site inspection and evaluation by a qualified

person of all the conditions, devices, and practices in
the water supply system which pose a danger to the
health and well being of the water consumer ”

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A new source is being contemplated
Laboratory analysis indicates hazard to health
An outbreak occurs
To interpret bacteriological, chemical and physical
analyses of samples
When any change takes place that can affect the
water system, e.g. industries coming up in watershed
and
On a regular basis

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Ensure no external contamination
Asepsis Glass bottles with securely fitting
stoppers or caps with non toxic liners.

Sample for general analysis= 2 litres(non-

acidified)
Bacteriological analysis=250 ml (sterilized bottle)
Metals analysis=1000 ml (acidified sample)

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Sampling done by sampling assistant

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Water from a tap in a distribution system

Water from watercourse (river, lake,well etc)

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Date
Time of collection
Despatch
Source
Rainfall
Findings

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Take the positive tube from the presumptive test

Incubate one plate at 37°C for 24 hours

and another at 44.5°C for 24 hours.

Look for typical colonies in the media ; blue

black with green metallic sheen colonies are of
E. coli

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Lactose Tegritol agar
Membrane lauryl sulfate lactose

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Nutrient agar at 37 deg C and 22 deg C
An estimate of the general bacterial purity of water.
Same source at frequent intervals may be of
considerable value.
A sudden increase in the colony count may give the
earliest indication of contamination.

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Water at the point Plate count after Plate count after
of consumption 2 days at 37 deg 3 days at 22 deg
🞂 The recommended
C plate counts are

( i ) Disinfected 0 20

(ii) Not - disinfected 10 100

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The National Rural Drinking Water Quality
Monitoring & Surveillance Programme
was launched in February 2006 (2005-06)
Institutionalization of community participation
and involvement of PRIs for water quality
monitoring & surveillance of all drinking water
sources
Jal surakshak

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Park K. Textbook of preventive and social medicine. 22nd ed.
Jabalpur (India): Bhanot publishers; 2009. p. 667-78.
WHO - Guidelines for Drinking-water quality: surviellance
& control of community supplies. Vol.3, Recommendations.
– 3rd ed.
Uniform Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Protocol: Govt
Of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation ; Feb
2013
http://www.mdws.gov.in/wqms

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