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Plane & Spherical Trigonometry

The document discusses plane and spherical trigonometry. It covers topics like the Pythagorean theorem, trigonometric identities, solving right triangles using sine and cosine laws, and Napier's rules for solving right spherical triangles. It includes examples of applying these concepts to solve problems involving heights, distances, and angles of triangles.

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Lumiere Silvamillion Clover
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549 views29 pages

Plane & Spherical Trigonometry

The document discusses plane and spherical trigonometry. It covers topics like the Pythagorean theorem, trigonometric identities, solving right triangles using sine and cosine laws, and Napier's rules for solving right spherical triangles. It includes examples of applying these concepts to solve problems involving heights, distances, and angles of triangles.

Uploaded by

Lumiere Silvamillion Clover
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plane Trigonometry

QEE 2013 Review


Trigonometry of Right Triangles
The Pythagorean Theorem
•   any right triangle
For
with sides a and b, and
hypotenuse c, the square
of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two
sides.
Example # 1
• An observer wishes to determine the height of a
tower. He takes sights at the top of the tower
from A and B which are 50 feet apart, at the
same elevation on direct line with the tower. The
vertical angle at point A is 30° and at point B is
40°. What is the height of the tower?
Example # 2
• The captain of a ship views the top of a
lighthouse at an angle of 60° with the horizontal
at an elevation of 6 meters above sea level. Five
minutes later, the same captain of the ship views
the top of the same lighthouse at an angle of 30°
with the horizontal. Determine the speed of the
ship if the lighthouse is known to be 50 meters
above the sea level.
Example # 3
• An observer on the top of a 200 feet building
finds that the angle of depression of an open
manhole is 36°15’. How far is the manhole from
the base of the building if they are from the same
horizontal plane?
Example # 4
• A man standing on a 48.5 m building high, has
an eyesight height of 1.5 m from the top of the
building, took a depression reading from the top
of another nearby building and the nearest wall,
which are 50° and 80° respectively. Find the
height of the nearby building in meters. The man
is standing at the edge of the building and both
buildings lie on the same horizontal plane.
Exercise
• A PLDT tower and a monument stand on a level
plane. The angles of depression of the top and
bottom of the monument viewed from the top of
the PLDT tower at 13° and 35° respectively. The
height of the tower is 50 m. Find the height of
the monument.
Trigonometric Identities
An equation involving trigonometric functions
that hold all values of the variable.
Examples
Simplify:
1. sin²x (1 + cot²x)
2. sec x – (sec x) sin²x
 
3.

 
4.
Sum and Difference Formula
Double Angle Formula
Half Angle Formula
Examples
1. Simplify: cos (x+y) + cos (x-y)

2. Solve for x: sin 2x = cos x

3. If tan x=1/2 , tan y=1/3 , find the value of


tan (x+y)
Example #4
• A statue is 3 meters high on top of a pedestal
that is 2 meters high. How far from the foot of
the pedestal on a horizontal plane will the statue
and the pedestal subtend equal angles?
Oblique Triangles
Sine Law and Cosine Law
Sine Law
a) One side and two angles are given.
b) Two sides and the angle opposite to one of those
sides are given.

Cosine Law
a) Three sides are given.
b) Two sides and the included angle are given.
Example #1
Find the value of a.°

26.7
Example #2
To find the distance across a river a surveyor
chooses points A and B which are 200 feet apart
on one side of the river. She then chooses a
reference point C on the opposite side of the river
and finds that BAC is 82° and ABC is 52° .
Approximate the distance from A to C.
Example #3
A boy is flying two kites at the same time. He has
380 feet of line out of one kite and 420 to the
other. He estimates the angle between two lines to
be 30°. Approximate the distance between the two
kites.
Exercise
• The sides of a triangular lot are 130 m, 180 m
and 190 m. The lot is to be divided by a line
bisecting the longest side and drawn from the
opposite vertex. Find the length of the line.
Spherical Trigonometry
QEE 2013 Review
Right Spherical Triangle
A right spherical triangle is one which has an
angle equal to 90 degrees. A spherical triangle
unlike a plane triangle, may have two or even
three right angles.
Napier’s Rule
• Rule # 1:
The Sine of any middle part
is equal to the product of
the tangents of the adjacent
parts.

• Rule # 2:
The Sine of any middle part
is equal to the product of
the cosines of the opposite
parts.
Napier’s Rule
• Co-functions:
Cos co-θ = Sin θ
Tan co-θ = Cot θ
Sin co-θ = Cos θ
Examples
1. Find (b) using Rule # 1

Sin b = Tan co – A • Tan a


= Cot A • Tan a

Sin b = Tan
   a
Tan   A
Examples
2. Find (b) using Rule # 2

Sin b = Cos co - B • Cos co - c


= Sin B • Sin c
Examples
3. Solve for side b of a
right spherical triangle
ABC whose parts are
a=46° , c=75° and
C=90°
Exercise

Find (A) if a = 45° and b = 60°

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