P L E

AP
 P L E
AP
 Botany
 Botanical name: Malus domestica
 Family : Rosaceae
 Chromosome number : n = 17
 Origin : Caucasus mountains of south western
Asia
 Flower : Cyme ( White to Pink )
 Fruit : Pome
 Leaves are oval or elliptic to broad ovate, bluntly
serrated, becoming glabrous and more or less
glossy.
 The malus genus consists of about 15 species .
 Crabe apple species are good source of disease
resistant and pollination.
 INTRODUCTION
 The apple is a typical temperate fruit.
 The apple is the Pomaceous fruit. 
 Apples are good for human health.
 It is one of the most widely cultivated tree
fruits.
 At least 56 million tonnes of apples were
grown worldwide in 2005, with a value of
about $10 billion.
  China is the largest producer followed by
United states ( 7.5% of world production),
Iran Turkey Russia, Italy and India.
 The total world apple production for 2008
was 69,819,324 tonnes.
 It is one of the premier table fruit of
the world & easily cultivated.
 it is a typical temperate fruit crop
more than 80% of the world
production comes from Europe.
 In India Apple was popularised by
British settlers and American
missionaries .
 India contributes about 2.57% of
the total world production.
 Apple is one of the premier table
fruit in the world.
 The apple forms a tree that is small
and deciduous, reaching 3 to 12
meters (9.8 to 39 ft) tall, with a
broad, often densely twiggy crown
APPLE Tree
 DISTRIBUTION AND AREA
 Apple is most widely grown
temperate fruit of the world.
 It is estimated annual production
world over is more then 56 million
tonnes and in India production of
apple is more then 1.7million tonnes.
 India is 11th in production and its
share is 2.36% of world production.
 Among the various temperate fruits
grown in the country , apple is most
important and accounts for 55% of
total area and 75% of total
production of temperate fruits in the
country.
 Himachalpradesh has made great
strides in expansion of apple industry
since 1950 and now called as “Apple
Bowl of India”.
 The peak production of the fruit in the
major apple producing states in India,
it is seen that Himachalpradesh
produces the fruits from July to
September, while J&K during sep – oct
and Uttaranchal during July – mid
sep . This provides a continuous peak
production of the fruits for a longer 4
months which glut the market of the
Subcontinent further, due to
prolonged storability.
 Leading apple producing states in
INDIA
1200

1000
Production in ‘000 MT

800

600

400

200

0
JAMMU & HIMACHAL UTTARANCHAL ARUNACHAL
KASHMIR PRADESH PRADESH
 ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION
 The tree originated in Western
Asia, where its wild ancestor,
the Alma, is still found today.
There are more than 7,500
known cultivars of apples,
resulting in a range of desired
characteristics. Cultivars vary in
their yield and the ultimate size of
the tree, even when grown on the
same rootstock.
 COMPOSITION & USES
 apple is one of the delicious
fruit liked for its crispiness,
sweet fragrant taste.
 it has a long storage life, an
apple a day keeps doctor
away in adage it indicates its
nutritive & medicinal
importance.
 it is a good source of vit-c,
fiber & low in calories .
 it is rich source of malic acid,
citric acid, & quinic acid.
 Calories- 37-46 gm
 water-84-85%
 Sugars-9.2-11.8gm
 Total N-0.4-0.5%
 Sodium-2mg
 Potassium-120mg
 Thyamine-0.04mg
 Vit-B-0.03mg
 Vit-C-3.15mg
 Biotin-0.03mg
 USES :
 Fruits are popular as table
fruits in the world wide. it is
also used in the preparation
of jam, jelly, sauces, juice,
sandwich & wine.
 It reduces cholesterol level
in blood, reduces dental
cavities, & control obesity.
Apple wine Apple jelly

Apple sauce Apple sandwich

 Nutritive value
 It might also help keep your skin from wrinkling.
 apple consumption appears to promote hair
growth.
 In addition, scientific research continues to build
more and more evidence that antioxidants in
apples are protective against cardiovascular
disease and cancer development.
 Apples just make sense as a daily part of the
human diet.
 Some of the research is epidemiological. Large
populations are studied for their dietary habits,
and correlations between food intake and health
consequences are identified. Researchers also
have the tools now to study how particular
constituents in foods react at the molecular level
within our cells to do us ill or good.
 SPECIES OF APPLE
 Malus has 25 species & syn Malus
communis also referred as Malus pumila.
 Malus pumila is considered as
proginator or parent of most of the
present species.
 OTHER SPECIES
1) Malus floribunda : flowering crab
2) Malus buccata : Siberian apple
3) Malus aungustifolia : Narrow leaved
crab apple
4) Malus coroneria : American crab apple
5) Malus sylvestris : Wild crab apple
VARIETIES
1) Based on bearing season:
A) Early season variety
B) Mid season variety
C) Late season variety
2) Based on usage:
A) desert apples
B) culinary apples
3) Based on colour:
A) Green colour
B) Red apple
C) Apples of core types
MOST WIDELY
CULTIVATED
VARIETIES
 Pink Pearl
 The Pink Pearl apple is
an apple cultivar developed in 1944 by
Albert Etter, a
northern California breeder. It is a
seedling of "Surprise", another red
fleshed apple.
 Pink Pearl apples are generally medium
sized, with a conical shape. They are
named for their bright, pink flesh. They
have a translucent, yellow-green skin,
and a crisp, juicy flesh with tart to
sweet-tart taste. Pink Pearl apples
ripen in late August to mid-September.
 RED DELICIOUS
 All over the world it is widely cultivated.
 Introduced to India in Himachal
Pradesh (1918).
 It is evolved as a chanced seeding in
JOWA region of USA
 Fruits are large oblong, conical with
protuberance near the calyx.
 The peel is smooth, covered with red
strikes on pale yellow background.
 The flesh is firm, sweet, juicy and crispy.
 Fruits develop superior red colour only
after completely ripe.
 DIFFERENT STRAINS
OF RED DELICIOUS
Starking delicious ( Royal delicious)
Golden delicious
Standard Red delicious
Richard red delicious
Ruby red
Red chief
Red spur
Red gold
 EARLY CROPPING STRAINS OF DELICIOUS
 Vance delicious
 Top red
 Hardeyman
 Skyline supreme
delicious
 GOLDEN DELICIOUS
 Commercial cultivar of America
and Europe
 The fruits are medium to large
oblong golden yellow colour peel
with russetted small dots
scattered all over .
 Flesh is firm crisp sweet with a
blond of acid.
 The cultivars are good pollinizers
for all the delicious fruits.
 This variety is suitable for
processing.
 AMBRI
 This is the only indigenous
variety grown commercially in
Kashmir
 It is originated as chance
seedling in Kashmir.
 It is a late season variety with
good keeping quality.
 MC INTOSH
 Leading variety of Canada
 Because of hardiness of the tree,
is a mid season variety which
ripens in late July Or early August .
 Fruit is small to medium, round ,
yellowish green with red blush.
 The skin is tender, pulp is greenish
,juicy and fairly sweet.
 Fruits take 125 – 130 days from full
bloom to maturity.
 Annual bearer, vigorous , strong
but is susceptible to scab.
 MOLLIES DELICIOUS
 A recent introduction from USA.
 Fruits are large , conical with 50 -70
% red colour , a sweet blend similar
to delicious, quality is moderate .
 Ripens in third week of July.
 Susceptible to Powdery mildew.
 BALDWIN
 Tree vigorous , large sized fruits
reddish in colour.
 Round to conical in shape, and
sour in taste .
 The fruit matures by the
beginning of August and has
very good keeping quality .
 Tree starts late bearing and has
tendency to bear biennially.
 BEN DAVIS
 Grown in Kulu valley.
 It is popularly known as Kali devi.
 Fruit takes 150 -155 days from bloom to mature.
 Medium to large , red striped colour.
 Fruit shape is round to conical and taste is sour.
 Tree is annual bearer , bearing age is later than many
other varieties.
 MAHARAJI
 It is widely grown in Kashmir and
called maharaji probably because
the trees were grown in Kashmir
Maharaja’s garden.
 Tree is vigorous , prolific bearer and
has biennial bearing habit.
 Fruit is large sized , flat in shape
with red stripes and white dots.
 The fruit is sub-acid to slightly sour
in taste.
 It is tropical and not suitable as
pollinizer, matures in october.
 EARLY
COLOURING
STRAINS OF
DELICIOUS
 VANCE DELICIOUS
 It is a bud mutant of delicious.
 It is a out standing variety and in
great demand by fruit growers.
 Fruit is conical, skin solid red,
colouring at least 2 week earlier
to red delicious and there fore, is
sold at premium price.
 Matures in second week of
August , high yielding.
 TOP RED
 This variety is a bud sprout of
shot well delicious .
 The fruits are of long , large
size with red streaks.
 Pulp is yellow, sweet and juicy.
 Fruit matures 15 -20 days
before starking delicious
 SKY LINE SUPREME DELICIOUS
 This variety is a bud mutant
of starking delicious.
 Fruit is dark red in colour.
 Fruit shape and colour are
similar to delicious, sweet
and juicy.
 It matures 10 days earlier
than Rich-a-red.
 HARDEYMAN
 Fruits of this variety is similar to
starking delicious in shape and
colour , but it matures 10 -15
days in advance.
 Tree is vigorous in growth.
NEW SPUR TYPE
• The spur type of delicious are
dwarf mutants ,putting up to
30% less growth than
stranded trees.
• The regular bearing tree bear
fruits in bunches.
STARKRIMSON DELICIOUS
 It is a spur type of delicious .
 Trees are dwarf , fruits are
oblong , deep red in colour,
hardy in texture, sweet and
juicy.
 Since the bearing is heavy ,
fruits are mostly of medium
size .
 This variety is found suitable for
cultivation in mid hills.
 OREGAN SPUR
 It is a bud sprout of delicious .
 Trees are small in stature but
with large number of spur
bearing branches.
 Fruits are similar in shape and
size as in delicious cultivar , but
matures 10 -14 days earlier.
 Fruit pulp is light yellow ,
crunchy and sweet but a bit
hard.
 RED CHIEF
 This cultivar is also bud sprout
of delicious .
 Fruits are similar to delicious
with prominent red streaks.
 The maturity is earlier by 15 -20
days .
 Fruits are attractive bright in
colour , pulp is yellow, soft and
juicy with excellent flavour.
 SPUR TYPES
 Star crimson delicious
 oragon spur-2
 Red chief
 Red spur delicious
 Golden spur delicious
SCAB RESISTANT VARIETIES
 Florina
 Firdous & shireen
LOW CHILLING REQUIRE VARIETIES
 Michal
 Schiomit
 Tropical beauty
 Parlins beauty
 Neoni
POLLINIZER VARIETIES
 FEATURES OF POLLINIZER VARIETIES:
• flowering synchronise with main crop.
• Should have abundant viable pollens.
• long duration of flowering.
• compatibility with main variety.
 EXAMPLES:
Tydemans early worsceter
Lord lambourne
Granny smith
Polani hill
Nilgiri hills
 NEW POLLINIZERS
• Tydeman’s early worscetor
• Lord lombourne
• Granny smith

 SCAB RESISTANT VARIETIES

• Red free
• CO-OP-12
 RECOMMENDED VARIETY OF APPLE
FOR DIFFERENT STATES
SEASON HP J&K UP
Early season Tydeman’s early Irish peach Early sumberi
mollies delicious benoni benoni
Starkrimson Chaubatia princess

Mid season Starking delicious Jonathan Starking delicious

Red delicious Razakwar Red delicious
Richard coxorange pippin MC intosh
Vance delicious Red gold Count land
Red chief Rome beauty Golden delicious

Late season Golden delicious King pippin Rhymer

Yellow Newton Lal ambari Bucking ham
Grani smith Sunheri
Golden delicious
Red delicious
WORLD APPLE MARKET IS
DOMINATED BY
 Golden delicious
 Red delicious
 Gola
 Fuzi apple
 CLIMATE
 Most of the apple varieties require 1000-
1500hrs of chilling temperature below 7 C
during winter to break dormancy these
conditions are available at an elevation of
1500-2700 metres above mean sea level.
 The area should have an abundant
sunshine during growth .
 The average summer temp should be
around 21-24 C.
 The area should be frost free in spring with
abundant sunshine , dry with less relative
humidity.
 Rainfall- 100-125 cm through out growing
season
 soil
A good soil is a basic requirement for
good apple production. The requirement
of good orchard soil is proper water
drainage which permits aeration &
extensive root development.
Apple trees will grow well in a wide range
of soil types, a deep soil ranging in the
texture from sandy loam to sandy clay is
preferred.
The subsoil is more important than the
upper layer of soil for growth &
production of root system.
 When the subsoil is hard & impervious, trees
will not grows well beyond a few years after
planting when the demand for water by the
top is increased.
 fruits will not tolerate wet soils during the
growing season.
 SOIL REACTION: Since availability of
nutrients is adversely affected by an
excessive high or excessive low soil pH, a low
pH of 6 to 7 is prefferd for apple trees.
 PROPOGATION
 It is commercially propagated through vegetative
methods such as budding or grafting.
 Traditionally in India there is a practice of using
seedling rootstocks of crab apple, Golden Delicious,
MC Intosh, Yellow Newton, Northern spy.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF

ROOTSTOCK
It should be compatible & make successful union with
scion cultivar .
 It should grow relatively fast & yield well.
 Should posses desirable nursery characters such as ease
of propagation, faster growth, freedom form, excessive
branching.
 Should promote early bearing.
 Should provide same degree of vigour & control over
scion variety without affecting productivity & longevity
of the tree.
 Should provide good anchorage.
 Should be resistant to disease i.e. crown gall & root rot.
PRODUCTION OF SEDDLING
ROOTSTOCK
seeds
Soak seeds in water
Sow the seedlings in sand 2-
3cm depth
Leave for 60-90days &
maintain temp of 4-7⁰C
Seedlings are developed & this
seedling are used for
rootstocks
PRODUCTION OF CLONAL
ROOTSTOCKS
1) Plant the seedlings at 30*45cm for the
production of suckers. After 3-4 yrs it
produces many suckers, cover the suckers
with soil is called mound layering . Go for
removal of bark of suckers called notching or
bark removal. It produces many suckers &
these are used as rootstocks.
2) Plant seedlings at 30*45cm, remove the top &
the plant is 13cm ht. Then it produces side
shoots & these are mounded with soils.
Mounding is done when the suckers are 10cm
length.
 EXAMPLES OF
 ROOTSTOCKS
Excellent rooting : MM-101, MM-104, MM-105, M4,
M5.
 Good rooting: MM-102, MM-106, MM-110, M7 ,
M16.
 Poor rooting : MM-113, MM-114, M18.

PROMISING CLONAL ROOT STOCKS :

• M-27 : Dwarfing rootstock, suitable for HDP
• M-9 : Dwarfing rootstock, suitable for HDP,
precocious bearing.
• M-111 : Vigorous rootstock, drought tolerant
INTERSTOCKS
 Dwarfing inters tocks are used to avoid the
undesirable root system of dwarfing
rootstocks. The semi dwarfing rootstock &
inters tock have shown interesting relation
b\w stock & scion.
 EXAMPLES :
 Malus sikkimensis
 Malus buccata
 PLANTING
 Spacing- 1.5-7 m
 Planting system : square or
hexagonal in flat & valley regions.
Contour in slopes
 Pit size : 1m*1m*1m
 Season of planting : Dec-jan
PLANTING OF
POLLINIZERS
 It is very important in apple cultivation
especially among delicious group & its strains
as they are self incompatible. In India
generally 11-30% pollinizing trees are
recommended. It is important to locate them
in such a arrangement that every 3rd tree
being a pollinizer.
 Layout planned with 11% pollinizer
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 x 0 0 x 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 x 0 0 x 0

Layout planned with 15% pollinizer

0 0 0 0 0 0
o x 0 0 x o
o o o o o o
o x 0 0 x 0
 Layout planned with 20% pollinizer
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 X 0 X 0 X 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 X 0 X 0 X 0
 Intensive system of planting
0 0 x 0 0 x 0
o o x o o x o
o o x o o x o
o o x o o x o
HIGH DENSITY PLANTING
 The orchards with HDP in apple is highly
successful in most of the temperate
countries due to availability of dwarfing
rootstock.
 Good response of apple to training &
pruning.
 Defined season with plants remain in
dormant during winter season.
 TRAINING
METHODS OF TRAINING
1) STANDARD TYPES :
a) Central leader
b) Open centre
c) Modified central leader
2) SPUR TYPES
d) Dwarf bush
e) Cordon
f) Dwarf pyramid
g) Espailor
h) Tatura trellis
 CENTRAL LEADER
 It is a system of training in which 6-10 branches
are allow to grow
 OPEN CENTRE
 In this method 3-5 well developed branches are
allow to grow, Remove the main shoot at the height
of 1m.
 Here sunlight penetration in high.
 MODIFIED CENTRAL LEADER
 Here the main shoot is
allow to grow for about
3-5 years along with 6-8
side shoots . After 3-5 yrs
the top is removed &
allowed the secondary
branches to grow.
 CORDON
 In this system the plant s
allow to grow at 45 angle,
Here planting is done at the
2-3 meters.
 It is followed in HDP & this
trees is supported with the
help of wires.
 DWARF PYRAMID
 It is a method of training
which is highly suitable for
HDP. In this method the
side shoots are allowed to
grow, Seedlings are
planted at spacing of 2-
3mtrs & shoots of 10-15 cm
height are trimmed.
 ESPAILOR
 Trees should be planted 3.75m-
6m (12-20ft) apart, according
to their vigour.
 Cut back the vertical stem to
within 45cm (18in) or the lower
arms, leaving two buds to form
the next horizontal layer and
the top bud to form the new
leader. If growth is weak, prune
back the horizontal branches
by one-third to downward
facing buds
 PRUNING
 Pruning is essential to maintain a proper
balance between vegetative growth and spur
development.
 METHODS OF PRUNING:
1) Established spur system
2) Regulated system
3) Renewal system
 ESTABLISHED SPUR
SYSTEM
 This type of pruning offers permanent fruit
spurs for production of fruits the leader is
headed back every year to ensure formation of
new spurs on the laterals
 REGULATED SYSTEM
 It is a method of pruning , it has been
successfully practiced on wide range of apple
cultivars .i.e. Semi dwarfing & vigorous
cultivars. At the time of planting, trees are
headed back to 75cm & allowing 3 well
spaced branches, unwanted shoots are
removed in early years & in bearing trees
crowded weak & shrivel branches are
removed.
 RENEWAL SYSTEM
 This is practiced in vigorous cultivars, pruning
is practiced in such a way to maintain
continuous development of new shoots
every year rather than to develop permanent
spurs, The portion of the tree is pruned every
year which produces localized shoots &
produces fruits in the following year while
unpruned parts reproduce fruit buds in this
way the laterals are replaced.
 FLOWERING & FLOWER
REGULATION
Apple fruit buds are differentiated on different shoots
borne terminally on fruiting spurs or laterally on long
shoots, Flower initiation takes place in every summer.
 METHODS TO INDUCE FLOWERING
1) Spreading of branches
2) Pruning
3) Nutrient management
4) Ringing & Scoring
5) Use of chemicals
 FERTILIZERS
 N:P:K- 700:350:700 Gm/plant/yr
 Foliar sprays of –Ca, Mg, Zn, Br, Fe, Mn
FLOWER OF APPLE
 IRRIGATION
 Most of the orchards in India is rain fed ,
Apple requires well distributed rainfall
throughout the year. Critical period of water
requirement is Apr-Aug.
 Apple requires 15-20 irrigations in a year , in
summer the irrigation should be given at 7-10
days interval, Drip irrigation is ideal with of
1695 liters of water/plant/yr.
 HARVESTING
 Apple is a climatic fruit should be harvested at proper
maturity, harvesting of immature fruits results in
poor quality and develops scald, bitter pit and
extreme shriveling.
 If harvest at over ripe stage it leads to soft scald,
internal breakdown and Jonathan spots. shelf life is
poor.
 MATURITY INDICES
1) TSS of the variety
2) Ease to separation of fruits from plant
3) Change in colour from green to pale
4) Change in seed colour to light brown
5) Fruit firmness- Days from full bloom
to harvest that is 90-180 days.
6) Starch test
 YIELD –> 6-8tons/ha (30 tons/ha in
HDP)
 STORAGE
 Apple can be stored for about 4-8
months at -1.1 – 0ͦ C & relative
humidity is 85-90%.

 METHODS TO IMPROVE SHELF

LIFE
 Spraying CaCl2 at 0.5%
 Hydro cooling- spray chilled water
 Spraying boric acid 25-30 days before
harvest
 keeping KMnO4 Sachets in boxes/
cartoons
 GRADING & PACKING
 Apple is graded according to size, weight, shape
& colour.
Different grades in apple:
Diameter(mm)
1) Super 85
2)Extra large 80
3) Large 75
4)Medium 70
5)Small 65
6)Extra small 60
7)pittoo 55
PROBLEMS IN APPLE
CULTIVATION
1)Formation of small fruits
CONTROL :blossom & fruit thinning is done to avoid this
problem.
2) Unfruitfulness:
CONTROL- use of good pollinizer, keeping bee hive.
3)Pre harvest fruit drop:
CONTROL-Application of NAA 50ppm 3 weeks before harvest.
4) Colour development:
CONTROL- Spray etherel
5) Alternate bearing:
CONTROL- use regular bearing variety, thinning of flowers &
fruits.
PESTS
 SAN JOSE SCALE
 It is the most serious pest of
apple.
 Lightly infested trees show small
grayish scales on both surface of
stem and branches but in heavily
infested trees, the entire surface
of bark is covered with gray layer
of over lapping scales appearing
as if it is sprayed with wood ash.
 CONTROL: Spray of Chlorpyrifos
0.02% or Dimethoate 0.03% or
Phospamidon 0.03%
 WOOLY APPLE APHID
 Lives in colonies both on the roots
and aerial parts of plant.
 On the aerial parts it is seen as white
wooly mass.
 Damage is caused by sucking of sap
from stems, twigs and roots resulting
in gall formation.
 Affected plant remain stunted with
greatly reduced fruit bearing capacity.
 CONTROL: Phorate-10G, Carbofuran-
3G is placed at 5cm depth in the root
zone
 BLOSSOM THRIPS
 It is a very small yellow insect which feeds with in
the flower buds and causes damage to blossoms
by sucking sap, resulting in poor and weak fruit
setting.
 Heavily infested flowers fail to open and become
brownish and dull in appearence
 CONTROL: Fenitrothion 0.05% at green tip stage
may be sprayed before the flower have opened.
LEAF ROLLER
 Green caterpillars fold apple leaves in plant
from April-may onwards and last generation
of caterpillars attack fruit during October
onwards in the plant.
 Damage the fruit by scrapping the skin.
 CONTROL: Spray Carbaryl-0.05%,
Malathion-0.05%
APPLE FRUIT MOTH
 This moth is prevalent in the dry
temperate regions.
 The caterpillars on hatching enter
in to fruit, feed up on developing
seeds up to mid august.
 Full grown larvae come out of the
fruit often tunneling through the
fruit pulp and pupate in crevices in
retaining walls in the plant.
 CONTROL: Fenthion-0.05% or
Fenitrothion-0.05%.
 STEM & SHOOT BORER
 Larvae bores in to branch stem and
tree trunk just under the bark and
some times feed on heart wood.
 adults feed on bark and leaves, and
girdle young shoots which may die.
 The affected tree are fragile and
often get broken even by moderate
wind.
 CONTROL: Proper pruning, insert
solid fumigant 0.5gm Para
dichlorobenzene, 0.02 gm
Aluminium phosphate.
 MITES
 Damage apple foliage by feeding on green
matter and sap causing loss of chlorophyll,
Bronzing followed by leaf drop and
weakening of buds.
 Causes poor size and quality of fruit,
excessive fruit dropping, reduced blossom
and fruit set.
 Excessive use of insecticides is reported to
be the cause of their increasing population.
 CONTROL: Spray Dicopol @ 0.05% or
wettable sulphur @0.25% at pink bud
stage.
 Miscible oil application during green tip
stage checks the hatching of over
wintering eggs of mite.
 ROOT BORER
  Trees of all sizes are attacked, but
those from 3 - 10 years old suffer the
most.
 several larvae may be found in a single
tree, which is enough to completely
girdle a young tree.
 Infested trees have a sickly
appearance, producing sparse, pale-
colored foliage.
 CONTROL:  Sprays of broad-spectrum
insecticides against Prionus borer
adults are only partially effective.
 Sanitation of orchard
 SES
SEA
DI
 SCAB
 c.o- Venturia inequalis
 Attacks leaves shoots, buds, blossom
and fruit.
 Spots become covered with fungal
growth later spots turn grey & necrotic
leading to mal formation.
 Fruits develop circular scab region
which are olive green at first & later
becomes darker scaby and sometimes
crack
 CONTROL: Spray capton @ 0.4%,
Dodine 0.2-0.25%
 use resistant varieties like Prima,
Psiseilla, Liberty.
 COLAR ROT
  The first symptoms to appear in the
spring are delayed bud break, leaf
discoloration, and twig dieback.
  Typically the tree blooms heavily and
fruit remain small and color
prematurely. 
 Infected trees may survive the growing
season but show symptoms of leaf and
bark discoloration, and premature
coloration and leaf drop in the fall.
 CONTROL: Avoid planting susceptible
rootstocks in areas with heavy, poorly
drained soils.
 Drenched with fungicides like Dithane-
M-45 300 to 400gms per 100 ltrs of water
 POWDERY MILDEW
 C.O-Podosphaera leucotricna
 Symptoms most commonly seen on
lower surface, on upper surface lesions
appear as chlorotic spots & upper surface
may cover with white powdery patches.
 Affected buds fail to blossom, flowers
are usually mal formed.
 When young fruits are affected they
become deform or develop a roughened
surface or skin is rosette rough brown
surface appears on skin.
 CONTROL: Spray wettable sulphur
0.4%, carbendazim0.1%
 CANKER
 C.O- Botryosphaeria quercun
 The severity of canker disease depends
mainly on faulty training and pruning,
Depletion of soil micro and macro
nutrients, wounds and injuries.
 Cankers usually start from the open
wound and produce either deep sunken
brown lesions or erupted black regions
on the bark.
 The bark turns papery and the portions
above or below the canker get killed.
 CONTROL: Badly cankered portion of
tree is destroyed, COC paste or cow
dung paste is applied to impart curing of
wounds
 CROWN GALL & HAIRY ROOT
 C.O- Agrobacterium rhizogenes
 Elongated or irregular galls are
produced on the roots or near the
graft union.
 Hairy root is mostly encountered in
the nursery in which excessive
fibrous roots originate from one
place giving broom like appearance.
 CONTROL: Injury to the roots or
collar should be avoided.
 Healthy grafted plants is dipped in
1% CuSO4 solution for one and half
year
 WHITE ROOT ROT
 C.O- Dematophora necatrix
 Affected tree show sparse
foliage, slow growth, bronzing
and yellowing of leaves which
ultimately causes death of tree.
 Roots turn brown and remain
covered with white cottony
mycelial mat of the fungus in
rainy season.
 CONTROL: Drenching of 0.1%
Carbendazim or 20 ppm
Aureofungin+20 ppm CuSO4.
 FIRE BLIGHT
 C.O- Erwenia amylovora
  Overwintering cankers harboring the fire
blight pathogen are often clearly visible on
trunks and large limbs as slightly to deeply
depressed areas of discolored bark.

 symptoms most often appear within one

to two weeks after bloom and usually
involve the entire blossom cluster, which
wilts and dies, turning brown on apple.
 CONTROL: Mancozeb @ 0.2% and use
resistant varieties like Mc intosh &
delicious
 AL
GI C
LO
SIO R S
Y E
PH ORD
DIS
 BITTER PIT
 characterized by small sunken spots on
the fruit surface and these spots shrink
& turn brown & become localized areas
of dead tissue.
 CAUSES: Cause due to deficiency of Ca,
accumulation of silicon in the fruit peel.
 irregular water supply. increase in N
application, plucking immature fruits
 CONTROL:
1) Spray CaCl2 @ 0.4%
2) Spray zinc & boron
3) Avoid irrigation during summer.
 CORK SPOT
 Appearance of small
blushed areas on the fruit,
between the cortex & the
peel of the fruit.
 Affected tissue is harder
than healthy.
 This is due to deficiency of
Ca & boron.
 CONTROL: Spray CaCl2
@ 0.4%
 JONATHAN SPOT
 Spots are dark brown to black
or moderately light brown.
 Depressions on the fruit.
 This is due to high levels of
boron.
 CONTROL: Spray CaCl2@
0.4-0.7%
 SCALD
 Browning of epidermis and
hypodermal cells of the
fruits.
 It is associated with
oxidation rodart coming
from alpha-fernesene
 Control: spray anti-
oxidant Ethaxyavin
 WATER CORE
 It is a post harvest disorder
characterized by water soak
regions in the flesh or the
fruits
 Affected fruits have dull
skin & spongy.
 Fruit smell fermented
 Cause- due to increase in
boron & decrease in calcium
 CORE FLESH/ BROWN CORE

 It is due to low temperature

storage -1 to 2 C  And has
red flesh beneath the skin
that red tint is due to the
presence of flavonoids
 yo u
ank
T h