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Continuity of Topological Spaces: On Topology

This document summarizes key concepts in topology: 1) A function between topological spaces is continuous if the preimage of every open set is open. The composition of continuous functions is continuous. 2) A sequence converges to a point if every open set containing the limit point contains all but finitely many terms. Continuous functions map convergent sequences to convergent sequences. 3) Projection maps from product topologies and inclusion maps for subspaces are continuous. A map to a product is continuous if its components are continuous.

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457 views

Continuity of Topological Spaces: On Topology

This document summarizes key concepts in topology: 1) A function between topological spaces is continuous if the preimage of every open set is open. The composition of continuous functions is continuous. 2) A sequence converges to a point if every open set containing the limit point contains all but finitely many terms. Continuous functions map convergent sequences to convergent sequences. 3) Projection maps from product topologies and inclusion maps for subspaces are continuous. A map to a product is continuous if its components are continuous.

Uploaded by

Shoaib Ch
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture

on Topology
Continuity of Topological Spaces

By Mr. Dnyaneshwar R. Nhavi

(Assi. Prof. K. C. E.’s PGCSTR, Jalgaon)


Continuity in topological spaces
Definition – Continuity
A function f : X → Y between topological
spaces is called continuous if f − 1(U ) is open
in X for each set U which is open in Y .
Theorem : Composition of continuous functions
Suppose f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are
continuous functions between topological
spaces. Then the composition g ◦ f : X → Z is
continuous.
Theorem : Continuity and sequences
Let f : X → Y be a continuous function between topological
spaces and let { x n } be a sequence of points of X which
converges to x ∈ X . Then the sequence { f (xn )} must converge
to f (x).

Definition : Convergence
Let (X, T ) be a topological space. A sequence { x n } of points of
X is said to converge to the point x ∈ X if, given any open set U
that contains x, there exists an integer N such that xn ∈ U for all
n≥N .
When a sequence { x n } converges to a point x, we say that x is
the limit of the sequence and we write xn → x as n → ∞ or
simply
Theorem : Inclusion maps are continuous
Let (X, T ) be a topological space and let A
⊂ X . Then the inclusion map i : A → X which
is defined by i(x) = x is continuous.
Theorem : Restriction maps are continuous
Let f : X → Y be a continuous function
between topological spaces and let A ⊂ X .
Then the restriction map g : A → Y which is
defined by g(x) = f (x) is continuous. This
map is often denoted by g = f |A.
Product topology
Definition – Product topology
Given two topological spaces (X, T ) and (Y,
T j), we define the product topology on X × Y as
the collection of all unions Ui X Vi , where each Ui
is open in X and each Vi is open in Y .
Theorem: Projection maps are continuous
Let (X, T ) and (Y, T j) be topological spaces. If X
× Y is equipped with the product topology.
Then the projection map p1 : X × Y → X defined
by p1(x, y) = x is continuous. Moreover, the same is
true for the projection map p2 : X × Y → Y defined by
p2(x, y) = y.
Theorem: Continuous map into a product space
Let X, Y, Z be topological spaces. Then a function
f : Z → X × Y is continuous if and only if its
components p1 ◦ f , p2 ◦ f are continuous.
Subspace topology

Definition – Subspace topology
Let (X, T ) be a topological space and let A ⊂ X . Then the set T j = { U ∩ A : U ∈ T }
forms a topology on A which is known as the subspace topology.


Example : Consider the real numbers R with usual topology and let Y = [1, 1]:
Then
i. (1/2, 1) is open in the subspace topology: (1/2, 1) ⊂ Y .
ii.(1/2, 1] is open in the subspace topology: (1/2, 1] = (1/2, 2) ∩
Y
[1/2, 1) is not open in the subspace topology:
iii. If [1/2, 1) = U ∩ Y for
some open subset U of R. Then ½ ∈ U: Thus (1/2- ∈ ; 1/2 + ∈ ) is
contained in U ∩ Y = [1/2, 1) for some ∈ > 0; which is not possible.

(3) (4) fx 2 (0; 1) : 1=x 6= 1; 2; g is open in the subspace topology: This


set is open in R.
Hausdorff spaces
Definition – Hausdorff space
We say that a topological space (X, T ) is Hausdorff
if any two distinct points of X have
neighbourhoods which do not intersect.
Results:
If a space X has the discrete topology, then X is
Hausdorff.
If a space X has the indiscrete topology and it
contains two or more elements, then X is not
Hausdorff.
Theorem:
Every metric space is Hausdorff.
Every subset of a Hausdorff space is
Hausdorff.
Every finite subset of a Hausdorff space is
closed.
The product of two Hausdorff spaces is
Hausdorff.
A convergent sequence in a Hausdorff space
has a unique limit.
Homeomorphisms
Definition – Homeomorphism
A function f : X → Y between topological spaces is a
homeomorphism if f is bijective, continuous and its
inverse f − 1 is continuous. When such a function exists,
we say that X and Y are homeomorphic.
Theorem:
Consider two homeomorphic topological spaces. If one of
them is connected or compact or Hausdorff, then so is
the other.
Suppose f : X → Y is bijective and continuous. If X is
compact and Y is Hausdorff, then f is a homeomorphism.
References
Topology by J. R. Mukres.
Introduction to General Topology by K. D.
Joshi
Ppts on topology by google.com
THANK YOU

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