INTRODUCTION TO AD
HOC WIRELESS
NETWORKS
Seminar on Wireless Ad Hoc &
2/12/08 Sensor Networks 1
contents
Taxonomy of networks
Categoies of wireless network
Ad-hoc network
– Characteristics of ad-hoc network
– Application of ad-hoc network
Sensor networks
– Characteristics of sensor network
– Application of sensor network
– Lmitation of ad-hoc and sensor networks
What is network?
Network:
Network is series of points or nodes
Interconnected by communication paths
Network can interconnect with other
netowrks contains subnetworks
Taxonomy of wireless
networks
wireless networks
fixed mobile access ad hoc
networks networks networks
cellular random wireless sensor
networks access internets
networks networks
Categories of wireless
networks
Cellular (one hop) networks
Wireless ad hoc (multi hop)networks.
Wireless Sensor Networks
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Cellular Networks
Cellular Networks
Networking Wireless Hosts
Infrastructure dependent
High setup costs
Large setup time
Reliable
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What is Ad-hoc?
A local area network, or some small
networks, parts are time-limited, and only
usable for the duration of a communication
session
The routers are free to move randomly,
organize themselves arbitrarily
The wireless topology vary rapidly and
unpredictably
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Sensor Networks
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A wireless ad hoc network
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IEEE 802.11 in OSI Model
Wireless
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802.11 – Architecture of an ad-hoc network
Direct communication within a
limited range
– Station (STA):
terminal with access
mechanisms
to the wireless medium
– [Independent] Basic Service
Set
group of stations using the same
radio frequency
• You may use SDM or FDM to
establish several BSS
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Dynamic network topology
The mobile nodes are free to move randomly and
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the
network's wireless topology may change rapidl
and unpredictably.
Radio
Radio
range of A
range of A
A A
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move
Ad hoc & Sensor
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Networks
What are ad hoc/sensor networks?
Sometimes there is no coverages
– remote areas, ad hoc meetings, disaster areas
– cost can also be an argument against an infrastructure
Sometimes not every station can hear every other station
– Data needs to be forwarded in a “multihop” manner
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Sensor Networks
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Advent of Ad hoc Wireless
Networks(Cont)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Comparisons between Cellular and
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (I)
Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Fixed infrastructure-based Infrastructureless
Guaranteed bandwidth (designed for Shared radio channel (more suitable for
voice traffic) best-effort data traffic)
Centralized routing Distributed routing
Circuit-switched (evolving toward Packet-switched (evolving toward
packet switching) emulation of circuit switching)
Seamless connectivity (low call drops Frequent path breaks due to mobility
during handoffs)
High cost and time of deployment Quick and cost-effective deployment
Reuse of frequency spectrum through Dynamic frequency reuse based on
geographical channel reuse carrier sense mechanism
Easier to employ bandwidth Bandwidth reservation requires complex
reservation medium access control protocols
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Comparisons between Cellular and
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (II)
Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Application domains include mainly Application domains include battlefields,
civilian and commercial sectors emergency search and rescue operations,
and collaborative computing
High cost of network maintenance Self-organization and maintenance
(backup power source, staffing, etc.) properties are built into the network
Mobile hosts are of relatively low Mobile hosts require more intelligence
complexity (should have a transceiver as well as
routing/switching capability)
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Mobile Ad hoc Networks
mobile hosts
multi-hop routes between nodes
may not use infrastructure
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Motivation
Ad-hoc nodes are typically battery powered and
may not support energy scavenging
Node and network lifetime must be prolonged
Most energy consumption is at the node’s
transceiver
Minimum transmit power decreases contention
Higher number of simultaneous transmissions
can be allowed
Increase in Capacity
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Motivation (Cont)
wireless networks
have special limitations and
properties such as limited bandwidth,
highly dynamic topology, link
interference, limited range of links,
and broadcast.
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Characteristics and tradeoffs
Characteristics
– Self-organized
– Self-deployed
– Decentralized
– Dynamic network topology
Tradeoffs
– Limited Bandwidth
– Need Multi-hop router
– Energy consumption problem
– Security problem
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Characteristics of MANETs
Dynamic topology
– links formed and broken with mobility
A B
B A
Possibly uni-directional links
Constrained resources
– battery power
– wireless transmitter range
Network partitions 20
Limitations of MANET
Power: network life limited by
battery life
Short radio range
Packet Collisions
Network topology changes
Address allocation
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)
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4/10/08 Ad Hoc Networks 22
Broadcasting
Unlike wired network, every hop is broadcasting
Every packet can reach every node in the radio range of the
sender
Flooding messages make the problem even worse
Wasted bandwidth
High collision rate
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Applications
Personal area networking
Cell phone, laptop, PDA , tablet pc
Meeting room/conference
Emergency operations
Search and rescue(Disaster &Relief)
Policing and fire fighting
Civilian environments
Taxi cab network
Boats, aircrafts
Military use
On the battle field
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Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks
Layers in Use
Ad-hoc networks
– link layer: medium access control
– network layer: routing
– transport layer: TCP/IP
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NETWORK LAYETRS:
Ad-hoc routing protocols
Ad-hoc routing protocols
Source-initiated
Table Driven
On-demand Driven
AODV LMR ABR DSR DSDV WRP
TORA SSR CGSR
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functional diagram of a wireless
sensor communication node.
IEEE 802.11 in OSI Model
CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRELESS
SENSOR NODES AND NETWORKS
Batteries in an ad hod network can be
recharged, while they are not replaceable
in wireless sensor networks.
The goal of a wireless sensor network is to
prolong battery life at the expense of QoS
and bandwidth utilization [7], whereas the
objective of an ad hoc network is to
provide QoS.
Seminar on Wireless Ad hoc &
Sensor Networks
05/02/09
Applications
• Structural, seismic
Bridges, highways, buildings
• Smart roads
Traffic monitoring, accident detection,
recovery assistance highway
camera microphon
e
• Contaminants detection
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4/10/08 Ad Hoc Networks 32
Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
New technologies have
reduced the cost, size and
power of micro-sensors and
wireless interfaces
Circulatory Net
Environmental
Sensing Networking Monitoring
Benefits from 3 technologies
• digital circuitry
• wireless communication
Computation • silicon micro-machining
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4/10/08 Ad Hoc Networks 34
7
Comparisons between Cellular and
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (I)
Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Fixed infrastructure-based Infrastructureless
Guaranteed bandwidth Shared radio channel (more suitable
(designed for voice traffic) for best-effort data traffic)
Centralized routing Distributed routing
Circuit-switched (evolving Packet-switched (evolving toward
toward packet switching) emulation of circuit switching)
Seamless connectivity (low Frequent path breaks due to
call drops during handoffs) mobility
High cost and time of Quick and cost-effective
deployment deployment
Reuse of frequency spectrum Dynamic frequency reuse based on
through geographical channel carrier sense mechanism
reuse
on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 35
Easier to employ bandwidth Bandwidth reservation requires
Comparisons between Cellular and
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (II)
Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Application domains include mainly Application domains include battlefields,
civilian and commercial sectors emergency search and rescue operations,
and collaborative computing
High cost of network maintenance Self-organization and maintenance
(backup power source, staffing, etc.) properties are built into the network
Mobile hosts are of relatively low Mobile hosts require more intelligence
complexity (should have a transceiver as well as
routing/switching capability)
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Networks 36
CONCLUSION
Ad-hoc and sensor network is everywhere .
The development of Ad-hoc wireless
networks & senior networks
provides tremendous opportunities in
many areas including & industrial
environments.
FUTURE?
Ad hoc Wireless Network
Everywhere
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Sensor Networks
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05/02/09
Thanks
Seminar on Wireless Ad hoc &
Sensor Networks
05/02/09 39
