Java Database Connectivity

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JDBC

 Definition: JDBC is Java application programming

interface that allows the Java programmers to access
database management system from Java code. It was
developed by JavaSoft, a subsidiary of Sun
Microsystems.
 Industry standard for database-independent
connectivity between the Java programming language
and a wide range of databases .
 This API lets the programmer connect to a database
and then query and update it , using the SQL.
 Product Components of  JDBC

 The JDBC API.

 The JDBC Driver Manager
 The JDBC Test Suite.
 The JDBC-ODBC Bridge

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 1.The JDBC API

 The JDBC API provides the facility for 

accessing  the relational database from the Java
programming language.
 The user not only execute the SQL statements,
retrieve results, and update the data but can also
access it  anywhere within a network.
 This API has been divided into 2 interfaces
 i-) java.sql
ii-) javax.sql.
 2. The JDBC Driver Manager
 The JDBC Driver Manager is a very important class that
defines objects which connect Java applications to a
JDBC driver.
 Driver Manager is the backbone of the JDBC architecture.
 It's very simple and small that  is used to provide a means
of managing the different types of JDBC database driver
running on an application.
 The main responsibility of  JDBC database driver is to
load all the drivers found in the system properly as well as
to select the most  appropriate driver from opening a
connection to a database
 3. The JDBC Test Suite.

 The test suite of  JDBC application program

interface is very useful  for testing a driver
based on JDBC technology during testing
period.
 The function of  JDBC driver test suite is to
make ensure that the  JDBC drivers will run
user's program or not
 4. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge

 The JDBC-ODBC bridge, also known as JDBC type 1

driver is a  database driver that utilize the ODBC driver
to connect  the  database.
 This driver translates JDBC method calls into ODBC
function calls.
 The Bridge implements Jdbc for any database for which
an Odbc driver is available.
 The Bridge is always implemented as the sun.jdbc.odbc
Java package and it contains a native library used to
access ODBC. 
 JDBC DRIVERS

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4

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Type 1 JDBC-ODBC Bridge

 act as a "bridge" between JDBC

and another database connectivity
mechanism such as ODBC.
 The JDBC- ODBC bridge
provides JDBC access using most
standard ODBC drivers.
 In this driver the java statements
are converted to a jdbc
statements . JDBC statements
calls the ODBC by using the
JDBC-ODBC Bridge. And finally
the query is executed by the
database
Type 2 Java to Native API.

 Type 2 drivers use the Java

Native Interface (JNI) to make
calls to a local database library
API.
 This driver converts the JDBC
calls into a database specific call
for databases.
 This driver communicates directly
with the database server.
 It requires some native code to
connect to the database
Type 3 Java to Network Protocol
Or All- Java Driver.

 Type 3 drivers are pure Java drivers that use a

proprietary network protocol to communicate
with JDBC middleware on the server.
 The middleware then translates the network
protocol to database-specific function calls.
 Type 3 drivers are the most flexible JDBC
solution because they do not require native
database libraries on the client and can
connect to many different databases on the
back end.
 Type 3 drivers can be deployed over the
internet without client installation.
Type 4 Java to Database Protocol.

 Type 4 drivers are pure Java drivers

that implement a proprietary
database protocol (like Oracle's
SQL*Net) to communicate directly
with the database.
 Like Type 3 drivers, they do not
require native database libraries and
can be deployed over the Internet
without client installation.
 One drawback to Type 4 drivers is
that they are database specific.
 This driver directly converts the java
statements to SQL statements.
 Structured Query Language

 SQL (Structured Query Language) is a

database sublanguage for querying and
modifying relational databases. It was
developed by IBM Research in the mid 70's
and standardized by ANSI in 1986.
 There are 3 basic categories of SQL
Statements:

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 1. SQL-Data Statements -- query and modify tables
and columns
 SELECT Statement -- query tables and views in the database
 INSERT Statement -- add rows to tables
 UPDATE Statement -- modify columns in table rows
 DELETE Statement -- remove rows from tables
 2. SQL-Transaction Statements -- control transactions
 COMMIT Statement -- commit the current transaction
 ROLLBACK Statement -- roll back the current transaction
 3.SQL-Schema Statements -- maintain
schema (catalog)
 CREATE TABLE Statement -- create tables
 DROP TABLE Statement -- drop tables
 GRANT Statement -- grant privileges on tables and views to
other users
 REVOKE Statement -- revoke privileges on tables and views
from other users
Connecting to a Database.

 Following steps
– Establish a connection with database
– Send SQL statement
– Process the result
 In java we have been provided with some
classes and APIs with which we can make
use of the database as we like
 Ex : connect the MySQL database with the Java
file
 1. Firstly, we need to establish a connection
between MYSQL and Java files with the help of
MySQL driver.
 After establishing a connection  we can access or
retrieve data form MySQL database.
 .
public class examplejdbc1 {
static final String JDBC_DRIVER="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DATABASE_URL="jdbc:mysql://localhost/books“;
public static void main(String args[]) {
Connection connection=null;
Statement statement=null;
try {
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);
connection=DriverManager.getConnection(DATABASE_URL,"jhtp6","jhtp6");
statement=connection.createStatement();
ResultSet resultset=statement.executeQuery("SELECT * from authors");
ResultSetMetaData metaData=resultset.getMetaData();
int numberOfColumns=metaData.getColumnCount();
while(resultset.next()) {
for(int i=1; i<=numberOfColumns; i++)
System.out.printf(resultset.getObject(i));
System.out.println(); }
} catch(SQLException sqlexception)
{
System.exit(1);
}
18 December 8, 2021 Latika Singh
 Connection Interface

 This is an interface in  java.sql package that specifies connection

with specific database like: MySQL, Ms-Access, Oracle etc and
java files. The SQL statements are executed within the context of the
Connection interface.
 Defines methods for interacting with the database via the established
connection
 Some methods are
– close()
– getMetaData()
– createStatement()

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Class.forName(String driver):

 This method is static.

 It attempts to load the class and returns class
instance and takes string type value (driver)
after that matches class with given string.
DriverManager:

 It is a class of java.sql package that controls a set of

JDBC drivers. Each driver has to be register with this
class.
 getConnection(String url, String userName, String
password):
This method establishes a connection to specified
database url. It takes three string types of arguments like: 
 url: - Database url where stored or created your database
 userName: - User name of MySQL
 password: -Password of MySQL 
 DatabaseMetaData interface

 Provides a vast amount of information about

the database to which a connection is
established

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 example
Import java.sql.*;
Import java.util.*;

class ConnectApp
{
public static void main(String args[]) {
try { Class.forName(com.mysql.jdbc.Driver“);
String url="jdbc:mysql://localhost/books";
Connection
connection=DriverManager.getConnection(url,”root”,”cse8a”);
DatabaseMetaData meta=connection.getMetaData();
System.out.println(“Database :
“+meta.getDatabaseProductName());
System.out.println(“Version : “+meta.getDatabaseProductVersion());
System.out.println(“ User Name :”+meta.getUserName());
connection.close();
}catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e); System.exit(0); }
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 Working with Result Sets

 Result of query is returned as a table of data

organized according to rows and columns
 Resultset interface provide access to this data
 ResultSet object maintains a pointer called
cursor
 getMetaData() returns a ResultSetMetaData
object

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 ResultSetMetaData interface

 Provides constants and methods that are

used to obtain information about ResultSet
objects
 getColumnCount()
 getColumnName()
 getColumnType()

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 statement interface

 Defines methods that are used to interact

with databases via the execution of SQL
statements
 Some of the methods are
– executeQuery()
– execute()
– executeUpdate()

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 Transactions

 Transaction consists of a group of related

database operations
 Database not permanently updated until they
are committed.
 If an error has occurred in one of them ,it can
be rolled back as if none of the statements
has been issued.

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 Transaction processing

 The setAutoCommit(), commit(), and

rollback() methods of connection interface
are used to implement transaction
processing

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 example
import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.Statement; import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData; import java.sql.SQLException;

public class examplejdbc3

{
static final String JDBC_DRIVER="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DATABASE_URL="jdbc:mysql://localhost/books“;
public static void main(String args[]) {
Connection connection=null; Statement statement=null;
try {
Class.forName(JDBC_DRIVER);
connection=DriverManager.getConnection(DATABASE_URL,"jhtp6","jhtp6");
connection.setAutoCommit(false);
statement=connection.createStatement();
Boolean b=statement.execute("INSERT into authors values('9','ninth')");
connection.commit();
}
catch(SQLException sqlexception)
{
sqlexception.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
}
}
}

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 Prepared Statements

 Java JDBC Prepared statements are pre-

compiled SQL statements. Precompiled SQL is
useful if the same SQL is to be executed
repeatedly.
 Inherits from Statement and differs in following
way:
– Have one or more IN parameters (whose value is not
specified when statement is created instead a “?” acts
as a placeholder)
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 Example

PreparedStatement pstmt =
con.prepareStatement( "UPDATE PERSONNEL
SET EMPLOYEE_ID = ? WHERE
EMPLOYEE_NO = 300485");
pstmt.setInt(1, emp);
pstmt.executeUpdate();

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 Types of Result Sets
 Different levels of functionality
– Scrollable (cursor moves in both direction)
– Non-scrollable
– Sensitive (changes made reflected in database
tables)
– Insensitive

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 Non Scrollable Result Set.

 TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY
– The result set is nonscrollable; its cursor moves
forward only, from the first row to the last row.

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 Scrollable Result Set.

 TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE
 The result set is scrollable: Its cursor can move forward or
backward and can be moved to a particular row or to a row
whose position is relative to its current position.
 To obtain a scrollable result sets from your queries,you
must obtain a different statement object.
 Statement stat=conn.createStatement(type,concurrency);

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 Scrollable Result Set.

 TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE
› The result set is scrollable; its cursor can move
forward or backward and can be moved to a
particular row or to a row whose position is relative to
its current position.
› The result set is sensitive to changes made while it is
open. If the underlying column values are modified,
the new values are visible, thus providing a dynamic
view of the underlying data.

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 Concurrency types

 The JDBC API offers two update capabilities,

specified by the following constants in the
ResultSet interface:
– CONCUR_READ_ONLY
– CONCUR_UPDATABLE

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 CONCUR_READ_ONLY

› Indicates a result set that cannot be updated programmatically

› Offers the highest level of concurrency (allows the largest
number of simultaneous users). When a ResultSet object with
read-only concurrency needs to set a lock, it uses a read-only
lock. This allow users to read data but not to change it. Because
there is no limit to the number of read-only locks that may be
held on data at one time, there is no limit to the number of
concurrent users unless the DBMS or driver imposes one.

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 CONCUR_UPDATABLE

 The result Set can be used to update the

database

 write-read lock

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 Example

Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:my_subpro
tocol:my_subname");

Statement stmt =
con.createStatement( ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL
_SENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

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 Scrollable result sets

 resultset.previous( ) //
 resultset.relative(n) // n is positive, move cursor
forward, if n is negative, move cursor backward

 resultset.absolute(n) // move to nth position

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 Updatable Result Sets (example)

double price = resultset.getDouble(“Price”);

resultset.updateDouble(“Price”,price+increase);
Result.updateRow( );

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