“Take the LEAD,

Soar as ONE”
AIR FORCE ROTC
ORIENTATION
 WELCOME
236 DEPARTMENT of AIR
th

SCIENCE and TACTICS

Systems Plus College Foundation
On-line Orientation with
Commandant and Staff
ONE KEY TO SUCCESS IN TACTICAL
MISSIONS IS THE ABILITY TO MOVE
UNDETECTED TO THE OBJECTIVE. THE
PROPER EXECUTION OF LAND
NAVIGATION AND TACTICAL
TECHNIQUES GO HAND IN HAND IN A
MOVEMENT OPERATIONS.

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

IN MOVEMENT AND ROUTE SELECTION ?
WHERE AM I ?

YOU WILL DETERMINE YOUR LOCATION BY

USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES.
WHERE AM I GOING ?

THE SOLDIER HAS TO KNOW THE FOLLOWING

INFORMATION:

• THE DIRECTION OR AZIMUTH TO THE OBJECTIVE

• THE DISTANCE TO THE OBJECTIVE
• THE LENGTH OF TIME NEEDED TO REACH THE
OBJECTIVE
• THE TYPE OF TERRAIN OR MAN-MADE FEATURES TO
THE OBJECTIVE.
• THE GENERAL TERRAIN OF THE OBJECTIVE
HOW DO I GET THERE FROM HERE ?

• CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE MAP AND TERRAIN AND

ANALYZING ALL POSSIBLE ASPECTS OF THE MISSION.

• COVER AND CONCEALMENT TO AVOID DETECTION

• STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENT TO BE AVOIDED.

• SELECTION OF PRIMARY AND ALTERNATE ROUTES.

• KEEP TRACKOF THE TRAVELLED DISTANCE.

OVERVIEW

1. MAPS AND MARGINAL INFORMATION

2. CONTOURS AND TERRAINS
3. MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
4. DISTANCES
5. PROTRACTOR AND COMPASS
6. FINDING LOCATIONS IN THE MAP
7. LAND NAVIGATION
 MAP
is a graphical representation,
drawn to scale, of a portion of
the earth’s surface as shown
from above.

Small scale - 1
 Maps are classified according
to the following scale.

 Small scale
 Medium scale
 Large scale

Small scale - 1
 1. SMALL SCALE

MAP AT SCALE OF
1 : 600,000 AND SMALLER
ARE USED FOR GENERAL
PLANNING AND STRATEGIC
STUDIES AT HIGHER
ECHELONS.

Medium scale - 1
 2. MEDIUM SCALE

MAPS AT SCALE LARGER

THAN 1 : 600,000 BUT
SMALLER THAN 1 : 75,000 ARE
USED FOR PLANNING
OPERATIONS, INCLUDING THE
MOVEMENT OF TROOPS AND
SUPPLIES.

Large scale - 1
 3. LARGE SCALE

MAPS AT SCALE OF 1 : 75,000

AND LARGER ARE USED TO
MEET THE TACTICAL,
TECHNICAL & ADMINISTRATIVE
NEEDS OF FIELD UNITS. THE
STANDARD SCALE IS 1 : 50,000

Types of map – 1, 9
 1 : 600,000
SMALL SCALE AND SMALLER

MAP GROUND

1 : 600,000 BUT
MEDIUM SCALE SMALLER THAN
1 : 75,000

MAP GROUND

1 : 75,000
LARGE SCALE
AND LARGER

MAP GROUND
1ST Bde “C” Coy
25 Bn
th

3rd Bde 26th Bn

“B” Coy
2nd Bde “A” Coy
27th Bn

1st Inf Div Map 3rd Bde Map 27th Bn Map

SMALL SCALE MEDIUM SCALE LARGE SCALE
1 : 600,000 1 : 600,000 but 1 : 75,000
and smaller smaller than AND LARGER
1 : 75,000
 TYPES OF MAPS
1. PLANIMETRIC – REPRSENTS ONLY THE
HORIZONTAL POSITIONS FOR THE
FEATURES REPRESENTED.
2. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – PORTRAYS TERRAIN
FEATURES, HORIZONTAL POSITIONS OF
THE FEATURES REPRESENTED.
3. PHOTOMAP – REPRODUCTION OF AN AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS AND IN WHICH OTHER
SIGNIFICANT DATA HAVE BEEN ADDED.
4. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS – DESIGNED
FOR JOINT AND GROUND OPERATIONS.
5. PHOTOMOSAIC MAP – ASSEMBLY OF
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS.

6. TERRAIN MODEL – SCALE MODEL OF THE

FEATURES BEING REPRESNTED.

7. MILITARY CITY MAP – A TOPOGRAPHIC

MAP OF A CITY SHOWING FEATURES OF
MILITARY IMPORTANCE.

8. SPECIAL MAP – DESIGNED OR MODIFIED

TO GIVE INFORMATION NOT COVERED IN
A STANDARD MAP.
MARGINAL INFORMATION
 SHEET NAME

THE SHEET NAME IS FOUND IN TWO

PLACES. THE CENTER OF THE UPPER
MARGIN AND EITHER THE LEFT OR RIGHT
SIDE OF THE LOWER MARGIN.

A MAP IS NAMED AFTER THE MOST

PROMINENT CULTURAL OR GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES. WHENEVER POSIBLE THE
NAME OF THE LARGEST CITY / TOWN IS
USED.

Map (sheet name) – 1

 SHEET NAME

Sheet nr - 1
 SHEET NUMBER

THE SHEET NUMBER IS FOUND

IN TWO PLACES: THE UPPER
RIGHT MARGIN AND THE
LOWER RIGHT MARGIN.

IT IS USED AS A REFERENCE
NUMBER FOR THAT MAP SHEET.

Map (sheet nr) - 1

 SHEET NUMBER:
SHEET 3261 IV

Series name - 1
 SERIES NAME: LUZON

Scale - 1
 SCALE - 1 : 50,000

Series nr (map) - 1
 SERIES NUMBER
• Found in both the upper right
margin and the lower left
margin. (Series s711)

Edition nr - 1
 EDITION NUMBER: EDITION 1 – AMS
(AFFE)

Index to boundaries - 1
INDEX TO BOUNDARIES
INDEX TO BOUNDARIES
1 A

B 2
TANAUAN
4
C
3 7
5
6

A. Prov of Cavite
1. Tagaytay Mun
2. Silang
B. Mun
Prov of Batangas
3. Talisay Mun
4. Tanauan Mun
5. Malvar
C. Mun
Prov of Laguna
6. Los Banos Mun
7. Calamba Mun
ELEVATION GUIDE

TANAUAN

HIGHEST

HIGH

MEDIUM

LOW
 ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM

Bar scale - 1
ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM

TANAUAN 3262 III

3162 I 3262 IV 3262 I

3I62 II 3262 III 3262 II

3161 I 3261 IV 3261 I

 BAR SCALES

Declination diagram - 1
GRAPHIC (BAR) SCALE – IS A RULER PRINTED ON
THE MAP AND IS USED TO CONVERT DISTANCES
ON THE MAP TO ACTUAL GROUND DISTANCES.
Scale 1 : 50,000

MILES

1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

METERS

YARDS
 LEGEND

Colors – 1, 2
 LEGENDS

Hard surface, two or more lanes wide

Loose surface, two or more lanes wide

Hard surface, one lane wide

Loose surface, one lane wide

Fair or dry weather, loose surface

Cart track

Foot path, trail

Military route marker 17

Railroad
 LEGENDS

Power transmission line

x x
Spot elevation in meters: checked; Unchecked 165 165

School

Church

Cemetery Cem

Built – up area

Lighthouse

Reservoir; dam; ditch

Submerged reef
LEGENDS
Salt evaporators

Rice paddy

Marsh

Nipa

Mangrove

Woods

Scrub

Tropical grass

Plantation
COLORS USED IN THE MAP
 Blue – identifies hydrography
or water features such as
lakes, swamps & rivers

Colors – 1, 2
 Brown – identifies all relief
features and elevation

Colors – 1, 2
 Red – classifies cultural
features, such as populated
areas, main roads and
boundaries.

Colors, map - 1
GREEN – Vegetation with
military significance such
as woods, orchards and
vineyards.
 Others – maybe used to
show special information.

Colors, map - 1
CONTOUR LINES
MOST COMMON METHOD OF
SHOWING RELIEF AND
ELEVATION ON A STANDARD
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Contour lines – represents an
imaginary line on the ground, above or
below sea level. All points in the
contour line are of the same elevation.

Contour
lines

Index contour lines - 1

TYPES OF CONTOUR LINES
 INDEX CONTOUR LINES – HEAVIER AND
NUMBERED AT SOME POINTS. THE NUMBER IS
THE ELEVATION OF THAT LINE
INDEX

300

400

Title: Characteristics of contours 1

 INTERMEDIATE – FALLS BETWEEN INDEX
CONTOUR LINES. THESE LINES ARE FINER AND
ELEVATION ARE NOT GIVEN.
INTERMEDIATE CONTOUR LINES

Title: Characteristics of contours 1

 SUPPLEMENTARY – resemble dashes. They show
sudden changes in elevation of at least one half
the contour interval.

SUPPLEMENTARY

Title: Characteristics of contours 1

 Classification of Terrain
Features

• Hill
• Ridge
• Valley
• Saddle
• Depression
• Cliff

Hill - 1
RIDGELINE
HILL
SADDLE
 RIDGE

RIDGE

RIDGE
DEPRESSION
 SPUR

SPUR
SPUR
CLIFF

CLIFF
CHARACTERISITICS
OF
CONTOURS
 Contours that are close together
indicates a steep slope.

Contours- far apart - 1

 Contours that are far apart indicates
gentle slope.

Last closed contour line - 1

 Last Closed Contour line indicates
a hilltop.

HILLTOP

HILLTOP

Class of terrain features – 1, 6

HILL 360
MT. BANAHAW
IF THE SHAPE OF THE CONTOUR LINES ON YOUR
DIRECTION IS SHAPED LIKE LETTER “U” OR “V”, THE
MOVEMENT WILL BE GOING UP

U
OR
V
IF THE SHAPE OF THE CONTOUR LINES ON YOUR
DIRECTION IS SHAPED LIKE AN INVERTED LETTER
“U” OR “V”, THE MOVEMENT WILL BE GOING DOWN.

IN
U

VE
RT
OR

ED
V
 When crossing a valley, the base of U or V
contours points towards higher ground.

Base of
U or V

Closed contours
MILITARY GRID
REFERENCE SYSTEM
GRID LINES are identified by a specific
number which is printed in the margin
directly opposite the lines indicated.
11 12 13 14
38 38

NE
GRID N-S LI

LINES
37 37
E-
W
LI
N
E

36 36

35 35
GRID SQUARE - A network
of square formed by NS and
EW grid lines placed on the
map. The distance
between grid lines depends
on the scale of the map. (1
km or 1000 mtrs)
GRID SQUARE (4 digits)
AREA OF ONE GRID SQUARE IS – 1,000 SQ MTR
1000 MTR OR 1 SQ KM

1000 MTR
HOW TO READ GRID SQUARES (4 DIGITS)
READ FIRST THE VERTICAL LINE
THEN THE HORIZONTAL LINE

11 12 13
38
GS: 1137

37
GS: 1336

36
 RECITATION (GRID SQUARE)
11 12 13 14
38 38
GC: 1137 GC: 1237 GC: 1337

37 37
GC: 1136 GC:1236

36 36
GC: 1135 GC: 1335
GS: 1236 IS THE YELLOW SQUARE. THE FIRST 2 DIGITS WHICH IS VERTICAL LINE
12 ENCOMPASSES 3 SQUARES. BUT IF LINE 36 (2ND 2 DIGITS) WHICH ALSO
ENCOMPASSES 3 SQUARES IS ADDED, THIS WILL SHOW EXACTLY WHERE GS: 1236
IS LOCATED.
11 12 38 13 14
38

36

37 37 37

11 12GS: 1236 13 14

36 36 36
 GRID COORDINATES (GC)

SIX (6) DIGITS (SAMPLE GC: 315634)

THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED

INTO 100 EQUAL PARTS

EACH SMALL SQUARE HAS AN

AREA OF 100 SQ MTR
THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED INTO 100 EQUAL
PARTS
11 12 13
38

GS: 1237

37

36
 THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED
INTO 100 EQUAL PARTS

12 13 12 13
38 38

GS: 1237

37 37
EACH SMALL SQUARE HAS AN
AREA OF 100 SQ MTR

12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13
38 9
8 100 SQ MTR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
37
HOW TO DETERMINE THE 6 DIGIT COORDINATES
OF A GIVEN POINT IN THE MAP
RED STAR –

GC: 121 376

RED ARROW –
120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 GC: 126 375
9
YELLOW CIRCLE -
8
GC: 124 370
7
6 YELLOW SQUARE -

5 GC: 129 373

4 RED CROSS
3 GC: 122/3 378
2 RED CIRCLE
1 GC: 12 3/4 37 2/3
0
37
ITEMS THAT CAN BE USED FOR
SUBDIVIDING GRID SQUARE

• TWO CENTIMETERS (RULER) CAN BE

SUBDIVIDED INTO 10 EQUAL PARTS

• PIECE OF PAPER WITH TICK MARKS

COPIED FROM EITHER THE RULER (2 CM) OR
BAR SCALE OF THE MAP

• STRAIGHT EDGE OF COMPASS

 BY MEANS OF THE RULER
USE EVERY TWO (2) MILLIMETERS

GC:12 2
12 13 14

0 10 20 30 40

(2 CENTIMETERS) RULER
BY MEANS OF A
STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PAPER
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF PAPER AND
COPY TEN TWO (2) MILLIMETERS ON THE RULER.

PAPER

0 10 20 30 40

RULER
(2 CENTIMETERS)
 BY MEANS OF A STRAIGHTEDGE
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF
PAPER AND COPY THE 100 METER MARKS ON
THE BAR SCALE (METERS) ON THE MAP.

PAPER

BAR SCALE (METERS)

TOTAL DISTANCE IS
USE THIS TO MEASURE POINTS IN THE MAP
GC:13 4

12 13 14

O7

13 14
PAPER
USE THIS TO MEASURE POINTS IN THE MAP
GC:134 07 4 or 5

PAPER
14
12 13 14

O7
• STRAIGHT EDGE OF A COMPASS
8 - DIGIT GRID COORDINATES

IS USED BY ARTILLERY AND MORTAR UNITS

 DETERMINATION OF
DISTANCES

STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCES

CURVED LINE DISTANES

GRAPHIC BAR SCALE

 HOW TO DETERMINE STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE

HILLTOP

house

?
distance

Road intersection
ALINE THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF
PAPER ON THE POINTS TO BE MEASURED.

house

e r
a p
p
ER
AP
intersection
P
MAKE A TICK MARK ON
THE EDGE OF THE PAPER
ON BOTH POINTS. house
Tick mark

ER
AP
intersection
P
Tick mark
 MOVE THE PAPER TO THE GRAPHIC BAR SCALE AND ALIGN
THE TICK MARK (b) WITH A PRINTED NAME IN THE PRIMARY
SCALE SO THAT LEFT TICK MARK (a) IS IN THE EXTENSION
SCALE.

EXTENSION
SCALE Scale 1 : 50,000
1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

a b

LEFT TICK MARK ON EXTENSION SCALE

 TO DETERMINE DISTANCE TO THE NEAREST 10
MTRS, DIVIDE THE LAST SQUARE INTO TENTHS,
THEN COUNT FROM RIGHT TO LEFT.

80 mtrs
1000 500 0

TOTAL DISTANCE IS
 ANSWER - - - - 4,680 METERS

Scale 1 : 50,000
1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

a b

LEFT TICK MARK ON EXTENSION SCALE

HOW TO DETERMINE CURVED LINE
DISTANCES

• V G L 89 – 99

• H G L 30 - 43

TICK MARK
 PLACE A TICK MARK ON THE PAPER AND
MAP AT THE BEGINNING POINT AND
ANOTHER TICK MARK ON THE END POINT
AT THE MAP.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT

TICK MARKS
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF PAPER
FROM THE START POINT TO THE FIRST SEGMENT
OF THE LINE WHICH IS MORE OR LESS STRAIGHT.

END POINT
PAPER

BEGINNING POINT
MAKE A TICK MARK ON THE EDGE OF THE
PAPER AT EACH POINT TO BE MEASURED.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT
CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

PAPER

BEGINNING POINT
CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT
 CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT

PE: DET DISTANCES

 CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT

PE: DET DISTANCES

 CONTINUE MARKING UP TO THE END
POINT.

EN
END POINT

D
PO
IN
T
BEGINNING POINT

PE: DET DISTANCES

 MEASURE THE DISTANCE BY ALIGNING
IT ON THE BAR SCALE (METERS).

Scale 1 : 50,000
1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

a b

LEFT TICK MARK ON EXTENSION SCALE

 HOW TO FIND DIRECTIONS

DIRECTION - is defined as an imaginary

straight line on the map or ground. In map
reading we refer to the direction as an
azimuth.

DIRECTION - DEFINED
 NORTH

Back Azimuth
Line Base Line

Origin
Azimuth Line

RULES IN BAZ
THREE (3) BASE DIRECTION

1. True North – direction of North Pole,

STAR.
2. Grid North – DIRECTION OF North-
South Grid Line, GN (ON THE MAP)
3. Magnetic North – direction of Magnetic
Arrow of the magnetic compass, half
arrow.
 DECLINATION DIAGRAM
• DECLINATION – IS THE ANGULAR
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUE NORTH
AND EITHER MAGNETIC OR GRID NORTH.

G N

TRUE MAGNETIC GRID

NORTH NORTH NORTH
2 DECLINATIONS
 GRID MAGNETIC ANGLE
1. Grid Azimuth - a horizontal angle
measured clockwise from Grid North.
2. Magnetic Azimuth - a horizontal
angle measured clockwise from
magnetic north.
3. Grid Magnetic Angle - An angular
difference between grid north and
magnetic north as measured from
grid north.
CONV OF DEC DIA
 Conversion of Declination Diagram
GN GN
*
*

Westerly Easterly

APPLICATION
 THERE ARE TWO DECLINATIONS,
A MAGNETIC DECLINATION AND
A GRID DECLINATION.

ANGULAR DIFFERENCE
 APPLICATION
(table exercise)
• A. Working a Map having an East 6-M Angle
1. Convertion to grid azimuth from Magnetic Azimuth/.
2. Convertion to Magnetic Azimuth from Grid Azimuth.
3. Convert to Magnetic Azimuth when the 6-M angle is greater.
Working with a map having a west 6-
M Angle

1. Converting to grid azimuth from magnetic

azimuth.
2. Converting to magnetic azimuth from grid
azimuth.
3. Converting to grid azimuth when the 6-M
angle is greater.

HOW TO LOCATE UNKNOWN PT

THE PROTRACTOR
 PARTS OF THE PROTRACTOR
(360 DEG PROTRACTOR)

BASE LINE

0 / 36O INDEX

315 45

DEGREES
(RED)
270 90

225 135

180
HOW TO USE THE PROTRACTOR TO
DETERMINE DIRECTION IN THE MAP
WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF
POINT “B” FROM POINT “A”

MAP

A
 BY MEANS OF THE 360 DEG PROTRACTOR
1. PLACE THE INDEX OF THE PROTACTOR ATOP POINT “A”
2. MAKE SURE THAT THE BASE LINE IS PARALLEL WITH
ANY VERTICAL LINE ON THE MAP.

0 / 36O
315 45
45 INDEX

270 90
A

225 135
3. ALIGN THE EDGE OF A STRAIGHTEDGE ON BOTH
POINTS A AND B
4. POINT “B” IS 45 DEG FROM POINT “A”

B
45 DEG

R
0 / 36O LE
U
315 45 R

A
270 90

225 135
BY MEANS OF THE 180 DEG PROTRACTOR
(LESS THAN 180 DEG)

36O
315 45

270 90

225 135
180
WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF
POINT “C” FROM POINT “A”

A ? C
1. PLACE THE INDEX OF THE PROTACTOR ATOP POINT “A”
2. MAKE SURE THAT THE BASE LINE IS PARALLEL WITH
ANY VERTICAL LINE ON THE MAP.

0 / 36O
315 45
INDEX
A C
270 90

225 135
3. ALIGN THE EDGE OF A STRAIGHTEDGE ON BOTH
POINTS A AND C
4. POINT “C” IS 90 DEG FROM POINT “A”

90 DEG

0 / 36O
315 45

A C
270 90
RULER

225 135
BY MEANS OF THE 180 DEG PROTRACTOR
(MORE THAN THAN 180 DEG)

36O
315 45

270 90

225 135
180
WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF
POINT “A” FROM POINT “B”

B
1. PLACE THE INDEX OF THE PROTACTOR ATOP POINT “B”
2. MAKE SURE THAT THE BASE LINE IS PARALLEL WITH
ANY VERTICAL LINE ON THE MAP.

A
36O
315
INDEX 45

?
270
B
90

135
GET THE BACK AZIMUTH OF POINT “A”
THE BAZ OF POINT ‘A’ IS 135 DEG

A
36O
R BAZ
U 315 45
LE
R 135 DEG
?
270
B
90

135
THE AZIMUTH OF POINT A IS THE BACK
AZIMUTH OF 135 DEG.

A
36O
R BAZ
U 315 45
LE
R 135 DEG
?
270
B
90

135
HOW TO GET A BACK AZIMUTH

IF IT IS LESS THAN 180 DEG ADD 180

SAMPLE: BAZ OF 45 DEG IS 45 PLUS 180
THEN BAZ OF 45 DEG IS 225 DEG

IF IT IS MORE THAN 180 DEG SUBTRACT 180

SAMPLE: BAZ OF 235 DEG IS 235 MINUS 180
THEN BAZ OF 235 DEG IS 55
GET THE BACK AZIMUTH OF POINT 135 DEG
THE BAZ OF 135 DEG IS 135 PLUS 180 EQUALS 315
THEN POINT “A” IS 315 DEG FROM POINT ‘B’.

315 DEG
A

A
36O
315 45 BAZ
135 DEG
?
270 90
B
HOW TO USE A COMPASS
PARTS OF THE COMPASS
 PARTS OF THE COMPASS

STRAIGHTEDGE
SHORT BEZEL
LUMINOUS RING MAGNETIC
LINE ARROW
SIGHTING
WIRE

SIGHTING
SLOT

FIXED BLACK
LENS INDEX LINE
FLOATING
LIMINOUS SIGHTING
DIAL DOTS
 Rules in Using Compass
1. Keep away from metal object and high
tension wires.

• High tension power lines - - 55 mtrs

• Field gun, truck or tank - - -10 mtrs

• Telegraph / telephone wires and

barbed wire - - - - 10 mtrs

• Machine gun -- - 2 mtrs

• Steel helmet or rifles - - - ½ mtrs

2. KEEP CLOSED WHEN NOT IN USE.

SIGHTING
THE
COMPASS
 COMPASS TO CHEEK
TECHNIQUE

PRESETTING A COMPASS
 PRESETTING A COMPASS AND
FOLLOWING AN AZIMUTH
(DIRECTION)

DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS

RULES IN USING A COMPASS

1. HOLD THE COMPASS LEVEL IN THE
PALM OF THE HAND. (DESIRED
AZIMUTH – 10 DEG)

10 DEG
2. ROTATE IT UNTIL THE DESIRED AZIMUTH
FALLS UNDER THE FIXED INDEX LINE. (EX:
10 DEG)

10 DEG
FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
3. TURN THE BEZEL RING UNTIL THE LUMINOUS
LINE IS ALIGNED WITH THE NORTH SEEKING
ARROW.

LUMINOUS
LINE

BEZEL RING
TO TURN THE BEZEL RING GRASP THE EDGE
WITH YOUR FINGERS AND ROTATE IT TO THE
DESIRED DIRECTION.
LUMINOUS
LINE

NORTH SEEKING
ARROW
THE LUMINOUS LINE SHOULD BE ALINED WITH
THE NORTH SEEKING ARROW.

LUMINOUS NORTH SEEKING

LINE ARROW

W
E

10 DEG

FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
LUMINOUS LINE IS ALREADY ALINED WITH THE
NORTH SEEKING ARROW.

LUMINOUS
LINE

NORTH SEEKING
ARROW

W
E

10 DEG

FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
4. WHEN THE LUMINOUS LINE IS ALREADY
ALINED WITH THE NORTH SEEKING ARROW THE
COMPASS IS ALREADY PRESET.
LUMINOUS
LINE

NORTH SEEKING
ARROW

W
E

10 DEG
5. TO FOLLOW YOUR DIRECTION ALWAYS ALINE
THE NORTH SEEKING ARROW WITH THE
LUMINOUS LINE.

FRONT
SIGHT

10 DEG
ORIENTING THE MAP BY USE
OF THE COMPASS
GRID NORTH
MAGNETIC
NORTH

MAP
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF YOUR
COMPASS ON ANY N-S LINE MAGNETIC
NORTH

MAP

STRAIGHT
FIXED BLACK
EDGE
INDEX LINE

MAGNETIC
ARROW

N–S
LINE
ROTATE THE MAP TOGETHER WITH THE COMPASS
UNTIL THE FIXED BLACK INDEX LINE IS ALIGNED
WITH THE MAGNETIC ARROW

MAGNETIC
ARROW

FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
ROTATE THE MAP TOGETHER WITH THE COMPASS
UNTIL THE FIXED BLACK INDEX LINE IS ALIGNED
WITH THE NORTH-SEEKING ARROW
MAGNETIC
NORTH
MA
P

MAGNETIC
ARROW

FIXED BLACK
W INDEX LINE
E
YOUR MAP IS ALREADY ORIENTED TO THE
MAGNETIC NORTH.
MAGNETIC
NORTH
MA
P

W
E
HOW TO PINPOINT A KNOWN DISTANT
LOCATION ON THE GROUND WHICH IS
UNKNOWN ON THE MAP.
UNKNOWN DISTANT
LOCATION

MAP
INTERSECTION
1. OCCUPY A KNOWN LOCATION ON THE GROUND
WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN ON THE MAP
2. BY MEANS OF THE COMPASS GET THE MAGNETIC
AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN DISTANT LOCATION
3. THE MAG AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN POINT IS 45
DEG

45 DEG

MAP ROAD
INTERSECTION

ROAD
INTERSECTION
4. CONVERT THE MAG AZIMUTH (45 DEG) INTO
GRID AZIMUTH (45 DEG)

A THE MAP
KNOWN POINT ON
(ROAD INTERSECTION)
315

?
270
5. BY MEANS OF A THE PROTRACTOR AND STRAIGHTEDGE,
DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE RUNNING FROM THE EDGE OF
YOUR POSITION ON THE MAP TO 45 DEG.

45 DEG R
A LE
U
R

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
THE KNOWN LOCATION ON THE GROUND IS
SOMEWHERE ALONG THE LINE.

45 DEG
A

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
 6. OCCUPY ANOTHER KNOWN LOCATION ON THE
GROUND WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN ON THE MAP.

UNKNOWN DISTANT
LOCATION

2ND LOCATION
7. BY MEANS OF THE COMPASS GET THE MAGNETIC
AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN DISTANT LOCATION

THE MAG AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN POINT IS 310 DEG

310 DEG
HILLTOP
8. CONVERT THE MAG AZIMUTH (310 DEG) INTO
GRID AZIMUTH (310 DEG)

HILLTOP

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270
8. CONVERT THE MAG AZIMUTH (310 DEG) INTO
GRID AZIMUTH (310 DEG)

PROTRACTOR

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270
9. BY MEANS OF A STRAIGHTEDGE. DRAW A STRAIGHT
LINE RUNNING FROM THE EDGE OF YOUR POSITION
ON THE MAP TO 310 DEG.

A
RU
1ST LE
R
LINE 315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
14. THE POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THESE TWO LINES
ON THE MAP IS THE LOCATION OF THE KNOWN
POINT ON THE GROUND.

LOCATION

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
15. DETERMINE THE 6 DIGIT GRID COORDINATE OF THE
POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THESE TWO LINES.

LOCATION

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
HOW TO FIND YOUR OWN LOCATION ON
THE MAP

RESECTION
 RESECTION

THE METHOD OF LOCATING YOUR

OWN POSITION ON THE MAP BY
DETERMINING THE GRID AZIMUTH TO
AT LEAST TWO-WELL DEFINED
LOCATIONS ON THE GROUND THAT
CAN BE PINPOINTED ON THE MAP.
HOW TO LOCATE YOUR PRESENT
POSITION ON THE MAP.
TWO KNOWN LOCATION ON THE GROUND

MAP
Get the magnetic azimuth of
the first known position (45
deg)

MAP
PLACE THE PROTRACTOR ATOP THE
FIRST KNOWN POSITION ON THE MAP.

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
BY MEANS OF A RULER, DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE
WHICH IS THE BACK AZIMUTH OF 45 DEG.
45
DEG

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
 YOUR POSITION IN THE MAP IS
SOMEWHERE ALONG THIS LINE.

45
DEG

315

225 DEG ?
270

PROTRACTOR
Get the magnetic azimuth of
the second known position
(105 deg)
(105 deg)

MAP
Place the protractor atop the
second known position on the map.
(105 deg)

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
BY MEANS OF A RULER, DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE
WHICH IS THE BACK AZIMUTH OF 105 DEG.

(105 deg)

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
THE POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THESE TWO LINES IS
YOUR LOCATION IN THE MAP. DETERMINE THE 6-DIGIT
GRID COORDINATE OF THIS POINT.

A
285
315 DEG

?
270Your
positionon the
map

PROTRACTOR
 MODIFIED RESECTION

METHOD OF LOCATING YOUR OWN

POSITION ON THE MAP WHEN YOU
ARE LOCATED IN A LINEAR FEATURE
ON THE GROUND SUCH AS A ROAD,
CANAL, STREAM, ETC.
DETERMINE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF THE DISTANT
POINT (HILLTOP) WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN ON THE MAP.

MOUNTAIN

RIVER
MAP

RIVER
PLACE THE PROTRACTOR ATOP THE KNOWN
POSITION (HILLTOP) ON THE MAP.

PROTRACTOR

315

?
270

RIVER
SCALE THE BACK AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN
POSITION ON THE MAP.

PROTRACTOR

315

?
270

RIVER
o YOUR LOCATION IS WHERE THE LINE CROSSES THE
LINEAR FEATURE (RIVER).
o DETERMINE THE GRID COORDINATE.

315 YOUR
LOCATION

?
270

RIVER
TABLE EXERCISES
 4 - DIGITS GRID SQUARE
DATA ANSWER

GS OF THE
1 WORD “ DAU” GS: 3979

GS OF LETTER “U”
2 FROM THE WORD
“LUZON”
GS: 4676
 6 - DIGITS GRID COORDINATE
DATA ANSWER

1 HILL 187 GC: 353854

2 HILL 148 GC: 368857

HILL TOP OF
3 GC: 573824
MT ARAYAT
TABLE EXERCISE ( DISTANCE)

FROM TO ANSWER
STRAIGHT DISTANCE OF CLARK FIELD
RUNWAY 3.3 KMS

STRAIGHT DISTANE FROM

MT ARAYAT GC: 485836 9 KMS

STRAIGHT DISTANCE
FROM HILL 187 HILL 148 1.6 KMS

CURVE DISTANCE FROM

GC: 356787 GC: 402783 5.1 KMS

CURVE DISTANCE FROM 3.1 KMS

GC: 356787 GC: 337812
 TERRAIN FEATURES / MIL SYMBOLS

1
WHAT CAN YOU SEE AT
HILL MOUNT
GC: 573824 ARAYAT

2
WHAT LANDMARK DROWN AT
GC: 404807 CONTROL
POINT

3
WHAT LANDMARK DROWN AT
GC: 412757 SCHOOL
4
WHAT TYPES OF MILITARY
SYMBOL THAT CAN BE SEEN
AT GC: 423766 CHURCH

5 WHAT MANMADE FEATURES

DRAWN AT GC: 411769 BRIDGE
AZIMUTH OR DIRECTIONS

FROM TO ANSWER

HILL 187 HILL 148 77 DEG

HILL 148 GC: 347812 205 DEG

MT ARAYAT GC: 534813 255 DEG

FORWARD AZIMUTH
FROM GC : 353854 9 DEG
GC 347812

WHAT IS THE BACK AZIMUTH OF 180 DEG ? 360 DEG OR

0 DEG
PRACTICAL EXERCISES (LAND NAV) WAVE NR:___ TEST SET /GRP NR.:___

NAME OF STUDENTS FLT CODE # TIME STARTED: _______________

____________________ ____ _______ TIME FINISHED:_______________
____________________ ____ _______ TOT TIME CONSUMED:_________
____________________ ____ _______ MAX ALLOTED TIME: __________
____________________ ____ _______ OVERTIME/UNDERTIME(+/-):___
____________________ ____ _______ GRADE (OBJECTIVES):_________
____________________ ____ _______ GRADE(TIMING):_______________
____________________ ____ _______ FINAL GRADE:_________________
• DIRECTION: WRITE THE NAMES OF THE
MEMBERS OF YOUR TEAM, AND THEIR
BARRACKS ASSIGNMENT ON THE SPACE
PROVIDED. START TIME: WRITE THE
TIME YOU STARTED SOLVING THE FIRST
PROBLEM AS DIRECTED BY THE
RELEASER
1. INITIAL REQUIREMENT: BY MEANS OF ANY
METHODS YOU HAVE LEARNED, DETERMINE
YOU PRESENT LOCATION (GRID COORDINATE)
INSIDE CAB TO THE NEAREST 100 MTRS(GRID
COORDINATE).

ANSWER: GC:355796
2. 1ST PROBLEM
FROM YOUR PRESENT POSITION INSIDE CAB MOVE
TO YOUR FIRST OBJECTIVE WHICH HAS A DISTANCE
OF 3,200 MTRS AND A FORWARD AZIMUTH OF 18
DEGREES. UPON REACHING YOUR FIRST
OBJECTIVELOCATE A MILITARY SYMBOL, COPY AND
DRAW IT IN THE 1ST BOX, WRITE THE GRID
COORDINATE OF THIS POSITION.
1ST BOX GC: ________
3. 2ND PROBLEM
AFTER REACHING YOUR FIRST (1ST) OBJECTIVE (1ST
PROBLEM), YOUR NEXT MISSION IS TO LOCATE A
MILITARY SYMBOL IN A POSITION WHICH HAS A
DISTANCE OF 2,700 MTRS AND AN AZIMUTH OF 229
DEGREES. WHEN YOU HAVE LOCATED THE SYMBOL,
COPY AND DRAW IT IN THE 2ND BOX, WRITE THE
GRID COORDINATE OF THIS POSITION.

2ND BOX GC: ________

4. 3RD PROBLEM
AFTER REACHING YOUR SECOND (2ND) OBJECTIVE
(2ND PROBLEM), YOU WILL MOVE TOWARDS A
DIRECTION WITH A AZIMUTH OF 115 DEGREES A
DISTANCE OF 1,500 MTRS. THEREAT, LOCATE
ANOTHER MILITARY SYMBOL, COPY AND DRAW IT IN
THE 2ND BOX, WRITE THE GRID COORDINATE OF THIS
POSITION.

3RD BOX GC: ________

5. 4TH PROBLEM
YOUR FOURTH (4TH) AND LAST OBJECTIVE HAS A
DISTANCE OF 450 MTRS. AND WITH AN AZIMUTH
OF 100 DEGREES, WHEN YOU REACH THAT
OBJECTIVE LOCATE ANOTHER MILITARY SYMBOL,
COPY AND DRAW IT IN THE 4TH BOX, WRITE THE
GRID COORDINATE OF THIS POSITION.

4TH BOX GC: ________

• WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED, WRITE THE TIME ON
THE TIME FINISHED PORTION THEN REPORT TO AN
ASSIGNED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SCHOOL AND
TURN-OVER THE FOLLOWING: TEST PAPER, MAP
COMPASS, RULER, PROTRACTOR
OVERVIEW
Definition of a Leader and Leadership
Traits of Leadership
Different Attributes of a Leader
Principles of Leadership
Indicators of Military Leadership
Styles of Leadership
Responsibilities and Functions of Leadership
Summary
 DEFINITION

LEADER - The person who leads others.

LEADERSHIP - An art of influencing and directing

men to accomplish the mission by
providing purpose, direction &
motivation.

- The art of imposing one’s will

upon others in such a manner as to
command their obedience, their
confidence, their respect, and their
loyalty cooperation to create good
discipline, and healthy esprit de Corps.
 Traits

Knowledge - Acquired information including professional knowledge

Courage (Physical and Moral) - recognizes fear but enables the individual to
meet danger with calmness & firmness

Initiative - seeing what needs to be done and commencing a course of action

Decisiveness - ability to make decisions promptly

Tact - to deal with others without giving offense

Justice - impartial and consistent in exercising command

Dependability - proper performance of duty w/ loyalty to superiors and subordinates

 Traits

Bearing - impression in carriage, appearance & personal conduct

Endurance - mental & physical stamina, ability to stand pain

Enthusiasm - display of sincere interest in the performance of all duties

Unselfishness - avoidance of providing for one’s own comfort

Integrity - Uprightness of character and soundness of moral principle

Loyalty - quality of faithfulness to seniors, subordinates, etc

Judgement - power of the mind to weigh various factors

 DIFFERENT
ATTRIBUTES OF A
LEADER
Attributes of A Leader

 Integrity of character

 Sense of responsibility

 Professional competence

 Enthusiasm

 Emotional stability

 Humanness

 Self confidence
 PRINCIPLES OF
MILITARY LEADERSHIP
 Principles

Be technically and tactically proficient.

Know yourself and seek improvement
Know your men and look out for their welfare
Keep your men informed
Set the example
Ensure that the task is understood, supervised & accomplished
 Principles

Train your men as a team

Make sound and timely decisions
Develop a sense of responsibility among subordinates
Employ your command in accordance with its capabilities
Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
 INDICATORS OF
MILITARY LEADERSHIP
 Indicators of Mil Leadership

PROFICIENCY - of the individual and the units ability to perform

The measures
their job or mission. The technical, tactical, and physical ability to do a job well.

DISCIPLINE
The prompt-obedience to orders and, in the absence of orders,
obedience to what the man believes the orders would have been.

MORALEindividual’s
- state of mind, how he feels about himself, his fellow
soldiers,army life in general, and all other things that seem important to him.

ESPRIT DE CORPS
- opinion that the members of an organization have of
themselves. shown in loyalty and pride, in the desire to succeed and better than
other units, and ultimately in the will to fight and win.
 STYLES OF
LEADERSHIP
Styles of Leadership

Autocratic Leader

Bureaucratic Leader

Diplomatic Leader

Participative Leader

Free-rein Leader
 Autocratic Style
• Absolute power and authority held by
an individual or small group and
supported by control of critical
resources, property ownership or
rights, tradition, charisma, and other
claims of personal privilege.
Bureaucratic Style
• Rule is exercised through the written word
which provides the basis for a rational-legal
type of authority or “rule of law.”
Diplomatic Style
• Leader has confidence and trust in most
people
• Communicates and consults widely with
subordinates
• Seeks views of others
• Has final decision
Participative Style
• Involves others in decision making
• Depends on leader to give or deny control
• Most participative activity within the
immediate team
• Degree of participation depends on leader
 Free-Rein Style
• Laizzez-Faire
• “Hands off” style
• Leader provides little or no direction and
gives subordinates as much freedom as
possible
• Authority and power given to subordinates
RESPONSIBILITIES &
FUNCTIONS OF THE
LEADER
 Responsibilities of a Leader

The primary responsibility of the leader is the

accomplishment of the mission. His second most
important responsibility is the welfare of his men.

Roles and Functions of the Leader

1. The leader always and constantly serves as an example of

the superior soldiers.

2. The leader as a commander receives orders, assigns

duties to subordinates, supervises and inspects the execution of
orders, reports progress to his superior and supervises the
administration of his unit.
3. In order to execute the role of an instructor, the leader must
possess the professional requirements of knowledge, ability, and
positive attitude.
 4. As “personnel technicians” the leader applies the principles of
personnel management, which are: Put the right man on the job,
capitalize on abilities through training, stimulate desire to produce,
ensure professional development and utilize individuals fully on
essential duties.

5. The leader as a “counselor” is concerned with not only the

welfare of his men but also their efficiency. The steps that a leader
should follow in counseling include careful preparation, planned
interview, and analysis, and evaluation of action taken by the
individual.

6. As a custodian of the men’s welfare, the leader is concerned

with such basic items a food, shelter, clothing, health rewards, passes
and leaves and recreation. The spirit behind the leader’s interest
must be one of genuine helpfulness thoughtfulness, and interest.
?
“Take the LEAD,
Soar as ONE”
End of Presentation