I0T in Smart Cities
DONE BY
AANATHA KUMAR M – 2013201
BALAGURUVENKADESH – 2013204
JAYAKUMAR T – 2013210
MOHAN K -2013217
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is a system that integrates
different devices and technologies, removing the necessity
of human intervention. This enables the capacity of
having smart (or smarter) cities around the world. By
hosting different technologies and allowing interactions
between them, the internet of things has spearheaded the
development of smart city systems for sustainable living,
increased comfort and productivity for citizens. The IoT
for Smart Cities has many different domains and draws
upon various underlying systems for its operation. In this
paper, coverage of the Internet of Things in Smart Cities.
Introduction
Smart City Components
Smart Agriculture
• Food security is one of the most important parts of our
country.
• A part of the smart agriculture paradigm is precision
agriculture, which involves sensors being placed in plants to
provide targeted measurements and therefore allow for
targeted care mechanisms to be deployed.
• Precision agriculture will be necessary for food security in the
futureand therefore is an essential part of the fight for
sustainable food production.
• The major applications of AI in IoT for agriculture are crop
monitoring/disease detection and data driven crop care and
decision making.
Smart City Services
• Smart city services encompass the activities that
sustain a city’s population, these involve municipal
tasks such as supply of water, waste management,
environmental control and monitoring etc.
• Sensors for water quality can be deployed to
continually provide an update about the quality of
water being used in the city and detect leaks .
• Sensors can also be used to monitor the environmental
conditions in a city to determine pollution levels and
guiding citizens to the next free parking space to save
fuel costs
Smart Energy
• Typical electrical systems have one-way energy flow from a main
generator source, usually a hydroelectric or fossil fuel based
power plant.
• Power generation is controlled via feedback from the
substations, however, since there is no information feedback
from the consumer end.
• The process of detecting faults and performing corrective
actions in such systems is also a time taking process..
• Smart Grids is the use of IoT technologies to make the current
and newly installed grids more observable, allow for distributed
energy generation, both at the consumer end as well as the utility
end and introduce self-healing capabilities in to the grid.
Smart Health
• Smart Health refers to the use of IoT to improve health
care availability and quality. With an increasing population
and rising costs of healthcare, this area has been of intense
focus of researchers as well as healthcare providers.
• Current health systems are over burdened and therefore
cannot cater to the increasing demand from the populace.
• In this regard, smart health aims to ensure that healthcare
be available to as many people as possible through
telemedicine services and improved diagnosis assistance to
doctors utilizing AI.
Smart Home
• One major component of Smart Cities is the Smart
Home since it is the central to the life of the city’s
inhabitants.
• Smart Homes involve the use of sensing units installed
throughout a person’s home that provide information
about the home as well as its occupants.
• These sensors might include user activity monitors
such as ambient sensors, motion trackers and
power/energy consumption.
Smart Industry
• Industries around the world are busy in a continuous
pursuance of being more efficient and increasing
productivity while reducing cost.
• The use of IoT in manufacturing and production
processes, cyber physical systems integrating workers
and machines has led to several benefits to the
industry such as faster and better innovation.
• smart industries come with several challenges for IoT
usage, working with a set of devices and machines has
its own challenges and requires cyber physical systems
to have flexibility in configuration.
Smart Infrastructure
• The infrastructure of a city is paramount to its living quality,
city governments need to construct new bridges, roads and
buildings for the use of its inhabitants and also perform
maintenance for uninterrupted usage.
• Smart infrastructure helps cities in ensuring their
infrastructure is in shape and usable by utilizing sensors for
measuring building/bridge structural state for structural
health monitoring using accelerometers and smart mate-
rials .
• Data collected through these sensors allows for predictive
maintenance of these essential units to maintain normal
operation of the city.
Internet of Things for Smart Cities
At the heart of the Smart city initiatives is the internet
of things (IoT), it is the enabling technology that has
allowed for the pervasive digitization that gives rise to
the concept of smart cities.
The internet of things refers to the ubiquitous
connection of devices to the internet, allowing them to
send information to the cloud and potentially get
directions for performing actions.
IoT involves the collection of data and performing data
analytics operations to extract information in order to
support decision and policy making
Iot Architectures for Smart cities
The Internet of Things unifies the operations of data
sensing, transmission/reception, processing and
storage through the use cloud services.
Based on technology, a generic IoT architecture
consists of five layers where successive layers operate
on the information from the previous layer.
IoT Challenges for Smart Cities
Security and Privacy
• Security, along with Privacy is the primary concern in smart cities.
• Smart cities involve having essential city infrastructures online, any
aberration in the operation of the city’s services will bring
inconvenience to its citizens and put human lives and property at risk.
• In today’s age where cybercrime and warfare have become a tactic in
world politics, smart cities are at an ever-greater risk of being the
target of such malicious attacks.
• Encryption of data transmitted over the network is necessary in this
scenario. For smart city projects to be successful, they require the trust
and participation of citizens.
• The proliferation of sensors in smart cities, which continuously collect
data about the activity of people may expose the daily activities of
citizens to unwanted parties.
Networking
• The IoT depends on the capability of sensing and other devices to
be able to send and receive information to each other and the
Cloud.
• With new smart city applications coming up, providing networking
to these devices to remain connected is a big challenge.
• Current networking methods are not optimized to providing
networking services for smart city components.
• Many devices in smart cities have mobility and data throughput
requirements which need to be met to provide an acceptable
quality of service.
• Another aspect of networking would be working on efficient and
dynamic routing protocols
Sensing Technologies
• Sensing is at the heart of smart city technologies.
• Sensors provide the knowledge and data from which smart city
innovations are created.
• With the vastly different nature of Smart City projects and its
various components, there are numerous sensors which are
used as part of these initiatives. The authors in have provided a
framework for the comparison of IoT sensors and have listed
sensors they found in use for Internet of Things.
• One thing to note is that many of the sensors find applications
in multiple areas as discussed. Furthermore, any given
application will require measuring different physical quantities
and will require the use of many different types of sensors..
Sensing Technologies for IoT Smart
Cities
Ambient Sensors
Bio Sensors
Chemical
Electric Sensors
Hydraulic
Identification
Motion Sensors
Presence
Other Sensors
Network Protocols
The type of network to use depends on the
requirements of the application.
It is imperative that the communication protocol used
in a smart city application meet the desirable quality of
service .
Several protocols have been used in the internet of
things for smart cities ,we discuss the traits of the most
popular wireless networking protocols used in smart
cities.
Conclusions
This paper presents coverage of the Internet of Things in Smart
Cities. Pro- viding a detailed discussion of Smart Cities and its
different domains, we present IoT as a vital enable of smart city
services and discuss the various smart city architectures and the
challenges that are faced in the deployment of smart city
applications. We follow this up with a review of the sensing and
networking technologies used for such applications. For each of
the applications discussed for the various components, we have
deliberated upon the type of deployment based on the
technologies and architectures discussed to present an overview
of the current research scenario in IoT based Smart Cities. Finally,
the security and privacy issues faced by IoT based Smart Cities are
discussed
Future Recommendations
From the discussion ,there are several suggestions that
can be made when using IoT for smart city projects. A
major research area is in the security and privacy of IoT
in smart cities in terms of encryption techniques,
authentication protocols, data anonymization
techniques and other methods to prevent unvalidated
access to the IoT network. As mentioned before
technologies such as blockchain could help introduce
access tracking and control, secure device discovery,
prevention of spoofing, data loss while ensuring that end
to end encryption is also used
reference
https://res.mdpi.com/d_attachment/smartcities/smar
tcities-04-00024/article_deploy/smartcities-04-00024-
v3.pdf
Thanking you
