HOW TO WRITE
THE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APA FORMAT
The basic format for a
book citation requires listing the
HOW TO author's name, the title of the
WRITE THE book, the publisher's name, and
BIBLIOGRA the date of publication. Edited
PHY books, when cited in full, will list
the editor's name instead of an
author's name.
Basics
Your list of works cited should begin at
the end of the paper on a new page with
the centered title, References.
HOW TO
Alphabetize the entries in your list by the
WRITE THE
author's last name, using the letter-by-
BIBLIOGRA
letter system (ignore spaces and other
PHY
punctuation.) Only the initials of the first
and middle names are given. If the
author's name is unknown, alphabetize
by the title, ignoring any A, An, or The.
For dates, spell out the names of
months in the text of your paper, but
abbreviate them in the list of works
HOW TO cited, except for May, June, and July.
WRITE THE Use either the day-month-year style
BIBLIOGRA (22 July 1999) or the month-day-year
style (July 22, 1999) and be consistent.
PHY
With the month-day-year style, be sure
to add a comma after the year unless
another punctuation mark goes there.
Underlining or Italics?
When reports were written on typewriters,
the names of publications were underlined
because most typewriters had no way to
HOW TO print italics. If you write a bibliography by
WRITE THE hand, you should still underline the names
BIBLIOGRA of publications. But, if you use a computer,
PHY then publication names should be in italics
as they are below. Always check with your
instructor regarding their preference of
using italics or underlining.
Hanging Indentation
All APA citations should use
hanging indents, that is, the
HOW TO first line of an entry should
WRITE THE be flush left, and the
BIBLIOGRA
PHY second and subsequent
lines should be indented
1/2".
Capitalization, Abbreviation, and
Punctuation
The APA guidelines specify using sentence-
style capitalization for the titles of books or
HOW TO articles, so you should capitalize only the first
WRITE THE word of a title and subtitle. The exceptions to
BIBLIOGRA this rule would be periodical titles and proper
PHY names in a title which should still be
capitalized. The periodical title is run in title
case, and is followed by the volume number
which, with the title, is also italicized.
If there is more than one author, use an
ampersand (&) before the name of the last
author. If there are more than six authors,
list only the first one and use et al. for the
HOW TO rest.
WRITE THE Place the date of publication in
BIBLIOGRA parentheses immediately after the name of
PHY the author. Place a period after the closing
parenthesis. Do not italicize, underline, or
put quotes around the titles of shorter
works within longer works.
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication
date). Book title. Additional information. City of
publication: Publishing company.
Examples:
Format Examples Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North
Books America. Washington, D.C.: National
Geographic Society.
Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of
the heroes of the imagination. New York:
Random House.
Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M.
(1999). Presenting your findings: A
practical guide for creating tables.
Washington, DC: American
Format Examples Psychological Association.
Books Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader’s
guide to science fiction. New York:
Facts on File, Inc.
Toomer, J. (1988). Cane. Ed. Darwin T.
Turner. New York: Norton.
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of
Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City
of publication: Publishing company.
Examples:
Format Examples
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The
Encyclopedias new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
and Dictionaries 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica.
Merriam-Webster's collegiate
dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980).
Falcon and Falconry. World
book encyclopedia. (pp. 150
Format Examples -155). Chicago: World Book.
Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber,
Encyclopedias
and Dictionaries James. Encyclopedia
americana. (p. 600). New York:
Scholastic Library Publishing.
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date).
Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue
number if available), inclusive pages.
Format Examples Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks.
Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes
Magazine & a volume number, italicize it and then give the
Newspaper
Articles page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the
periodical does not use volume numbers, as in
newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.
Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes
page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA
style.
Examples:
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing
psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,
893-896.
Format Examples Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in
today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
Magazine & Newspaper
Articles Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts
town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.
Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good books
lately? Time, 113, 71-72.
Trillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture
shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.
Format:
* Online periodical:
Format Examples Author's name. (Date of publication).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number,
Website or Retrieved month day, year, from full URL
Webpage
• Online document:
Author's name. (Date of publication).
Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full
URL
Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to
the specific website document. If a document
is undated, use "n.d." (for no date)
Format Examples immediately after the document title. Break a
lengthy URL that goes to another line after a
Website or slash or before a period. Continually check
Webpage
your references to online documents. There
is no period following a URL.
Note: If you cannot find some of this
information, cite what is available.
Examples:
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at
music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January
23, 2002, from
Format Examples
http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html
Website or Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The
Webpage
Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998,
from Alderman Library, University of Virginia
website:
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex
website (such as that for a university or a government
agency), identify the host organization and the relevant
program or department before giving the URL for the
document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
Format Examples Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive
emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention
Website or & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20,
Webpage 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000,
from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
Health Canada. (2002, February).
The safety of genetically modified food
crops. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from
http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/english/protection/
Format Examples
Website or Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting
Webpage
their emotions, most people flunk out. New
York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000,
from http://www.nytimes.com
Abuel, AC., Panganiban, S., & Tan, FJ. (2018). Green Apple Starch (Malus domestica) as an
Alternative Starch Component in Bioplastics. (2017). Book of Knowledge. Scholastic Library
Publishing Inc. Kundu, Sraboni & Muslim, Tanvir & Azizur Rahman, Md & Al-Amin Faisal,
Md. (2011). Extraction of Starch from Different Sources: Their Modification and Evaluation
of Properties as Pharmaceutical Excipient. The Dhaka University of Journal of Science.
Andrew, J. (n.d.). Which Fruits Are High in Pectin?. https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/fruits-high
EXAMPL
pectin-9671.html
E
Bandoin, L. (2019). Can Edible Food Wrappers Solve the Plastic Crisis?.
https://sciencing.com/can-edible-food-wrappers-solve-the-plastic-crisis-13717334.html
Castillo, R. (2014). Guyabano—a ‘miracle fruit’?. https://business.inquirer.net/181249/
guyabano- a-miracle-fruit
De la Cruz,. (2013). Stay Healthy with DOST-Developed Guyabano Supplements & Tea.
http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/33-2013-news/203-stay-healthy-with-
dost-developed-guyabano-supplements-tea
Eenfeldt, A. (2019). Keto sweeteners – the best and the worst.
https://www.dietdoctor.com/lowcarb/keto/sweeteners
Eppich, K. (2017). How to make homemade pectin.
https://www.chatelaine.com/recipes/cooking-tips/how-to-make-homemade-
EXAMPLE pectin/
Handoo, S. (2019). 5 Fantastic Benefits of Erythritol – The New-Age
Sweetener. https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/benefits-of-erythritol/#gref
REFERENCES
https://www.sciencebuddie
HOW TO
WRITE THE s.org/science-fair-
BIBLIOGRA projects/science-
PHY
fair/writing-a-
bibliography-apa-format
HOW TO
WRITE THE
BIBLIOGRA
PHY
