塔式起重机日常维护与保养

Daily Maintenance of Tower Crane

事业部：建起事业部
课件： 易德辉
海外适用：王坚
课程时长： 4h
目
录
01 保养的重要性
The Importance of Maintenance

0 周期、关注点
2 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

03 经验分享及建议
Experience Sharing and Suggestions
01 保养的重要性
The Importance of Maintenance
 课程目标 Course objectives

本课件主要从安全、寿命的角度，对塔式起重机日常维护保养的周期
、关注点等进行了归纳梳理，使维保人员有一个全面认识。
按部件或功能归类，强调并罗列了在日常维保时的主要关注点和要求
，给维保人员在保养过程中提供指导、以免遗漏。
因机型不同、配置不同，相关零部件构造差异较大，本课件对维保、
调试的具体方法涉及较少，维保人员在实际操作中，应参照主机的维护保
养手册的相关内容执行。

Page 4
 课程目标 Course objectives
From the perspective of safety and service life, this courseware summarizes and sorts out the cycle
and concerns of daily maintenance of tower crane, so as to help maintenance personnel have a
comprehensive understanding for the maintenance of tower crane.
According to the category of components or its function , the main concerns and requirements of
daily maintenance is listed and emphasized, so as to provide guidance for maintenance personnel in
the process of maintenance to avoid omission.
Due to the different types and configurations of different models, the structure of related parts is
quite different, so the specific methods of maintenance and adjustment are less involved in this
course. Maintenance personnel should refer to the relevant contents of the maintenance manual in
the actual operation.

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保养的重要性

1 什么是保养？ What is the maintenance?

保养就是定期对设备进行检查维护，保障设备能进行正常运行。
Maintenance is to check and maintain the equipment regularly to ensure that the equipmentcan run normally.

2 保养的意义？ What is the meaning of maintenance?

保养要“养修并重，预防为主”。这能保证设备处于良好的技术状态，使设备能正常运行，减
少故障发生几率，降低设备停机率，延长设备使用寿命，提高设备带来的经济效益。
The maintenace should be in accordance with the principle of “pay equal attention to maintenance
and repair , prevention first”.This can ensure that the equipment is in a good technical state, so that
the equipment can operate normally, reduce the probability of failure, reduce the probability of
equipment shutdown, prolong the service life of equipment, and improve the economic benefits
brought by equipment.
3 保养的关键词 Key Words of Maintenance

清洁、润滑、调整、紧固、防腐
Cleaning, Lubrication, Adjustment, Tightening ,Corrosion Prevention
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02 周期、关注点
The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns
 周期、关注点
2.1 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns
2.1. 周期、关注点 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

(1) 日检查 Daily Inspection

制动 Brake 有效 Effective

排绳 Rope arrangement 整齐 In good order

动作、功能 Motion 正常 Normal

&Function
清理 Cleaning 无易坠落的物体
No falling object

Page 9
2.1. 周期、关注点 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

(2) 周维护 Weekly Maintenance

开式齿轮（回转支承、行走车
润滑 轮） exposed gear (slewing ring, traveling trolley)
lubrication 钢丝绳 wire rope
力矩、重量、位置限制器：
安全装置 完整、有效
safety device (load moment limiter, hoist weight limiter, position
limiter is in complete and effective condition)
电线电缆 橡套无破损 No damange for rubber sleeve
electrical wire& cable 接头无松脱 No loose joint

电控柜无杂物
清理 No trash in electric control cabinet.
cleaning
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2.1. 周期、关注点 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

(3) 月维护 Monthly Maintenance

减速机 是否漏油及油位； Check for oil leakage and oil level
reducer 检测绳径、断丝、变形；
绳头固定牢固，防扭装置灵活；
钢丝绳 Check rope diameter, wire breakage and deformation;
wire rope The rope head is fixed firmly and the anti-twisting device is flexible.

滑轮 检测磨损； Check the wear condition

轴承润滑，转动灵活； Bearing lubrication, flexible rotation;
pulley
检测开闸间隙、闸瓦厚度；
补偿行程；制动力矩；
制动器 制动轮完好状态
brake Detection of opening clearance and thickness of brake shoe;
Compensation stroke; Braking moment;
Brake wheel is in good condition
润滑 回转支承滚道 The raceway of slewing ring
lubrication
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2.1.周期、关注点 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

(3) 月维护 Monthly maintenance

钩头磨损；变形（开口）；
Abrasion of hook head; Deformation (opening);
吊钩 沟头连接牢固、旋转灵活；
hook The hook head connects firmly and rotates flexibly.

高强螺栓 塔身、回转支承螺栓无松脱
No loose bolts on the tower body and slewing ring
high-strength bolt
锁销牢固、销孔无明显变形
销轴 销轴油脂密封；
pin The lock pin is firm and the pin hole has no obvious deformation
The pin is sealed with grease
结构件 构件无永久变形、焊缝无裂纹
There is no permanent deformation and no crack in the welding seam
structural part
基础 无沉降、排水顺畅
foundation No Settlement and Smooth Drainage

清洁 电机、制动器表面
cleaning Engine. the brake surface

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2.1.周期、关注点 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

(4) 半年维护 Half year maintenance

电机轴承 运行 1500h 换油（至少 1 次 / 年）

motor bearing replace oil when run 1500 hours (at least once a year)

润滑 铰链（司机室、制动器等）；
lubrication
Hinges (driver's cab, brake, etc.);

防腐 结构件油漆防护完整；
anticorrosion 顶升油缸防护完整；
Complete paint protection for structural parts;
Complete jacking cylinder protection

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2.1 周期、关注点 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

(5) 年维护 yearly maintenance

高强螺栓 全面检查 overall inspection
high-strength bolt
运行 2000h 油润滑减速机、制动器推动器
、安全制动器泵站 ;
换 油 运行 2400h 顶升泵站 ;
replace oil Operate 2000h, oil-lubricated reducer, brake
impeller and safety brake pump station;
Run for 2400h, replace oil for the jacking
pump station ;

(6) 立塔前 Before the erection of tower crane

全面检查、维护、保养 overall inspection and maintenance

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2.1. 周期、关注点 The Maintenance Cycle and Concerns

(7) 日常保养注意事项 Daily maintenance attentions

– 经常保持个机构的清洁，及时清扫各部分灰尘；
– Always keep each mechanism clean, clean up the dust in time
– 检查各减速器的测量，如低于规定油面高度应及时加油；
– Check the measurement of each reducer, if it is below the specified oil level, fill it immediately.
– 各减速机的透气塞是否能自由排气，若阻塞，应及时疏通；
– Whether the ventilation plug of each reducer is free to exhaust, and if it is blocked, dredging it in time;
– 检查各制动器的效能，如不灵敏可靠应及时调整；
– Check the efficiency of each brake. If it is insensitive, it shall be adjusted in time;
– 检查各连接处的螺栓，如有松动和脱落应及时紧固和增补；
– Check the bolts at each connection, if there is loosening and falling off, tighten and add timely;
– 检查各种安装装置，如发现失灵情况应及时调整；
– Check all kinds of installation devices, if failure is found, it should be adjusted in time.
– 检查各部位钢丝绳和滑轮，如发现过度磨损情况应及时处理；
– Check the wire ropes and pulleys in all parts, if excessive wear is found, it should be dealt with in time.
– 检查各润滑部位的润滑情况，及时添加润滑脂。
– Check the lubrication of each lubricating part and add grease in time.

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 起升、动臂变幅机构
2.2 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism
2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(1) 构成
1- 电机 motor
composition
3 4 2- 制动器 brake
2 5 6

1 3- 制动轮 / 联轴器（弹性体） Braking-wheel

coupling (elastic body)
4- 减速器 reducer
5- 卷筒 drum
6- 安全制动器 safety brake

8
7
7- 轴承座 bearing seat
8- 高度限位器 hoisting height limiter

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 2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(2) 电机 ★ 轴承润滑； Bearing lubrication.

Motor 接线正确、牢固； The wiring is correct and firm
接线盒盖、进线孔密封；
The connection box cover and the inlet hole are sealed.
风机工作正常（轴流风机）；
The fan works normally (axial-flow fan)
表面清洁； The surface of motor is clean
滑环磨损、接触正常（绕线电机） ;
The wear of slip ring and normal contact (winding motor);
(3) 制动轮联轴器
Braking-wheel coupling
制动轮磨损≯ 1mm 、无裂纹 / 龟裂； brake wheel wear ≯1 mm , no crack
弹性体完整、磨损≯ 2mm ； Complete elastomer, wear ≯ 2 mm;
制动表面清洁、无油污； Brake surface is clean and free from oil stains;
锁紧螺母有效； The locking nut is effective;
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2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(4) 制动器 Brake

制动力矩满足要求；
★ 溜钩的原因
Brake torque meets the requirements;
开闸间隙（瓦块退距）满足要求、均等；
The opening clearance (clearance of brake shoe) meets the
requirements , and the clearance is equal.
补偿行程满足要求；
Compensation stroke meets the requirements;
瓦块完整、磨损≯ 1/3 原厚度；
The brake shoe is complete, the wear is not more than 1/3 of
the original thickness;
铰链 / 销轴润滑； The lubrication for the hinge and pin
瓦块摩擦面清洁、无油污；
The friction surface of brake shoe is clean and no oil
推动器无漏渗油，表面清洁；
There is no oil leakage for drive unit and the surface is clean
液压油油质、油量； The quality and quantity of hydraulic oil
接线牢固、接线盒密封； Firm connection and the connecting
box is well sealed

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2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(5) 减速机
Reducer
★
无漏渗油（接合面、输入 / 输出油封）；
No oil leakage (joint surface, input/output oil seal);
油质、油量； oil quality, oil amount
输入 / 输出（键、花键、齿盘）连接完整、有效；
Input/output (keys, splines, gear discs) connections are
complete and effective. 1. 进油口 （透气塞） 2. 箱体 3. 油尺 4. 排油
轴承完好、间隙合适； 堵；
1. oil inlet (vent plug) 2.oil tank 3.Oil dipstick 4.drain oil plug
The bearing is in good condition and suitable clearance.
(6) 卷筒、轴承座
Drum, bearing seat
卷筒端板、端部挡条磨损未影响排绳；
The wear of end plate and end baffle of drum does not affect rope arrangement;
绳端固定完整、有效； The rope end is fixed completely and effectively;
轴承润滑、完好； The bearing is lubricated and intact;

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2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(7) 安全制动器
Safety Brake
管路连接牢固；
The pipeline is firmly connected;
无漏渗油；
No oil leakage;
液压油油质、油量
Oil quality and amount of hydraulic oil;
泵站无异常噪声、油温正常；
No abnormal noise and normal oil temperature in
the pump station;
各功能、动作顺序正常；
1 泵站 2 端直通接头 3 胶管管夹
Normal sequence of functions and actions;
4 胶管总成 5 接头 6 安全制动钳
接线牢固、接线盒密封； 1 pumping station 2 End Direct Joint
The connection is firm and the connecting box is 3 rubber tube clamp 4 hose
well sealed assembly, 5 joints, 6 safety brake
pliers
表面清洁； Clean surface

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 2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(7) 安全制动器 Safety Brake

瓦块退距和夹紧力正常；
Brake clearance and clamping force is normal;
瓦块随位弹簧无松动；
The follow-up spring of break shoe is not loose
两侧退距均等； equal clearance on both sides
释放限位开关有效、位置正确；
The release limit switch is valid and in the
correct position;
铰链 / 销轴润滑； Hinge/pin shaft lubrication;
瓦块摩擦面清洁、无油污；
The friction surface of break shoe is clean, no
oil;

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2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(8) 高度限位器 Hoisting Height Limiter

固定无松脱； Fixed without loosening;
与卷筒轴连接可靠；
Reliable connection with drum shaft;
完整、无破损；
Complete and undamaged;
减速 / 停止功能正确；
The deceleration/stop function is correct.
减速 / 停止位置准确；
The deceleration/stop position is accurate
接线牢固、接线盒密封；
The connection is firm and junction box is
well sealed;

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2.2. 起升、动臂变幅机构 Hoisting, Luffing-jib Mechanism

(9) 其他 others

各部件连接（螺栓）牢固；
The components are firmly connected (bolted);
底架连接（销轴）可靠；
Under-frame connection (pin shaft) is reliable;
接近开关功能正常、无松脱；
The function of the proximity switch is normal and there is no loosening.

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 绳轮系统、吊钩、小车
2.3 Rope Pulley System, Hook, Trolley
 2.3. 绳轮系统、吊钩、小车 Rope Pulley System, Hook Trolley

(1) 钢丝绳
Wire Rope
★
排绳整齐； Tidy rope arrangement;
钢丝绳润滑； Wire rope lubrication;
绳端固定（楔块、绳夹、重型套环）正确
可靠；
The rope end fixing (wedge, rope clamp,
heavy sleeve ring) is correct and reliable.
钢丝绳磨损（直径）、断丝总数；
The wear (diameter) of wire rope and the
total number of broken wires;
钢丝绳结构破坏（断股、变形、扭结、股 /
芯凸出等）；
Structural damage of wire rope (broken
strand, deformation, kink, protrusion of
strand/core, etc.)

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2.3.绳轮系统、吊钩、小车 Rope Pulley System, Hook Trolley

(1) 钢丝绳 Wire Rope

★

防扭装置状态正确（对应不同钢丝绳）；
The torsion-resistant device is in correct
condition (corresponding to different wire
ropes);
防扭装置转动灵活；
The torsion-resistant device rotates flexibly.
防扭装置轴承润滑；
Bearing lubrication of torsion-resistant device;

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2.3. 绳轮系统、吊钩、小车 Rope Pulley System, Hook Trolley
(2) 滑轮 Pulley

旋转灵活、轴承润滑；
Flexible rotation, bearing lubrication;
防跳绳装置完整、有效；
The anti-skipping device is complete and
effective.
滑轮槽光滑；
The pulley groove is smooth.
滑轮槽磨损量（绳槽深度 h ）≯ 20%d ；
Pulley groove wear (rope groove depth h) ≯20%
绳槽半径 r=0.525d~0.55d ；
The groove radius r = 0.525d~0.55d;
排绳轮：润滑充分，旋转 / 滑移灵活；
Rope aligning wheel: full lubrication, flexible
rotation and slipping

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2.3. 绳轮系统、吊钩、小车 Rope Pulley System, Hook Trolley

(3) 吊钩 Hook
钩头连接牢固；
The hook head is firmly connected.
钩头转动灵活；
The hook head rotates flexibly.
平面轴承润滑；
Planar bearing lubrication;
防脱装置完整；
The anti-stripping device is complete.
吊钩开口度（ A 增加量≯ 10% ）；
Opening degree of hook (increase of A
≯10%);
磨损（ H 减小量≯ 5% ）；
Wear (H decrease≯ 5%);
表面无明显裂纹；
There is no obvious crack on the surface.
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 2.3.绳轮系统、吊钩、小车 Rope Pulley System, Hook Trolley

(4) 小车 Trolley
滚轮 / 侧滚轮轴承润滑，转动灵活；
Roller/side roller bearings is lubricated
and rotate flexibly.
滚轮 / 侧滚轮磨损（直径减小量
≯ 5% ）；
Roller/side roller wear (diameter
reduction ≯5%);
变幅绳绳端固定牢固；
The end of the luffing rope is fixed firmly.
防断绳装置完整、摆动灵活；
The anti-broken rope device is complete
and swing flexibly.
防断轴装置完整；
Axis breaking prevention device is
complete.

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 平臂变幅机构
2.4 Boom Luffing Mechanism
2.4. 平臂变幅机构 Boom Luffing Mechanism

(1) 构成 Composition

1- 电机（带制动器）、 2- 幅度限位器、 3- 卷筒、 4- 减

速机
1- Motor （ with brake ) 2- Radius Limiter 3-Drum 4-Reducer

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2.4. 平臂变幅机构 Boom Luffing Mechanism
(1) 电机 Motor
轴承润滑；
The bearing is lubricated
接线正确、牢固；
The wire connecting is correct and firm
接线盒盖、进线孔密封；
The connection box cover and the inlet hole are sealed.
表面清洁； The surface is clean
(2) 制动器 Brake
防护完整、固定可靠，开闸灵活；
The protection is complete, fixed and reliable, and the opening of the brake is flexible.
开闸间隙（ 0.6~1.2mm ）满足要求，均匀；
The opening clearance (0.6-1.2 mm) meets the requirements and is uniform.
摩擦片磨损（单边磨损至接近制动盘金属端面）；
The wear of friction disc (unilateral wear to the metal end of the brake disc);
无异物（如泥沙、油脂等）； No foreign bodies (such as sediment, grease, etc.);

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2.4. 平臂变幅机构 Boom Luffing Mechanism

(3) 幅度限位器 Radius Limiter

固定无松脱；
Fixed without loosening;
完整、无破损；
Complete and undamaged;
齿轮连接可靠； ★ 整
减速停止调

Gear connection is reliable.

减速 / 停止功能正确；
The deceleration/stop function is correct.
减速 / 停止位置准确；
The deceleration/stop position is accurate;
接线牢固、进线口密封；
The connection is firm and the inlet is
sealed.

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2.4. 平臂变幅机构 Boom Luffing Mechanism

(4) 减速机
Reducer
无漏渗油； No oil leakage;
油量、油脂（油润滑）；
Oil amount, grease (oil lubrication);
连接牢固； Firm connection;
联轴器可靠；
The coupling is reliable.

(5) 其他 Others
绳端固定牢固；
The end of the rope is fixed firmly.
各部件连接（螺栓）牢固；
The components are firmly
connected (bolted);
轴承润滑；
Bearing lubrication;

Page 35
 回转系统
2.5 Slewing System
2.5. 回转系统 Slewing System

(1) 构成 Composition
1 2
1- 回转机构
Slewing mechanism
2- 回转支承
Slewing bearing
3- 限位装置
Limit device

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 2.5. 回转系统 Slewing System

(2) 回转机构
Slewing mechanism

法兰螺栓紧固； Flange bolt is tightened;

轴承润滑； Bearing lubrication;
接线正确、牢固； The wire connection is correct
电机 and firm
接线盒盖、进线孔密封；
Motor The cover of connection box and the inlet hole are
sealed.
风机运转正常（软特性电机）；
The fan runs normally (soft characteristic motor);
滑环磨损、接触正常（绕线电机）；
Wear of slip ring and the contact is normal (winding
motor);
表面清洁 The surface is clean.

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 2.5. 回转系统 Slewing System

(2) 回转机构
Slewing mechanism
连接 / 安装螺栓牢固；
Connection/installation bolt is firm;
无漏渗油；
减速机 No oil leakage;
输出轴轴承润滑；
reducer Lubrication for the bearing of output
shaft
输出齿轮润滑；
Output gear lubrication;
油量、油质（油润滑）；
Oil quantity, oil quality (oil
lubrication)

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 2.5. 回转系统 Slewing System

(2) 回转机构
Slewing mechanism
固定可靠，开闸灵活；
Fixed and reliable, flexible opening;
开闸间隙（常闭： 0.6~1.2mm ；拆开 1~3mm ）
制动器 满足要求，均匀；
Opening clearance (normal closure: 0.6-1.2 mm;
Brake dismantling 1-3 mm) meets the requirements and ★整
开式气隙调

is uniform.
摩擦片磨损（单边磨损至接近制动盘金属端
面）；
Friction disc wear (unilateral wear to the metal end
of the brake disc);
手动 / 电动释放功能完整、有效；
Manual/electric release function is complete and
effective.
无异物（如泥沙、油脂等）；
No foreign bodies (such as sediment, grease, etc.);

Page 40
2.5. 回转系统 Slewing System
(2) 回转机构
Slewing mechanism
输入 / 输出连接有效；
Input/output connections are valid;
无漏渗油； No oil leakage;
油质、油量；
耦合器 Oil quality and quantity;
热熔片完整；
coupler The hot melt sheet is complete.
无异常发热；
No abnormal heat generation;
表面清洁；
The surface is clean.

Page 41
2.5. 回转系统 Slewing System

(3) 回转支承 Slewing ring

内外圈连接螺栓无松脱；
No loosening for the connecting bolts
of inner and outer ring;
防尘圈完整、有效；
The dust-proof ring is complete and
effective.
滚道润滑；
Raceway lubrication;
齿部润滑；
Tooth lubrication;
内外圈间隙（磨损）
Clearance between inner and outer
rings (wear);

Page 42
2.5. 回转系统 Slewing System

(4) 回转限位
Slewing limiter
固定无松脱；
Fixed without loosening;
完整、无破损；
Complete and undamaged;
传动轴、齿轮啮合可靠；
The meshing of transmission shaft and gear
is reliable.
停止功能正确；
The stop function is correct.
停止位置准确；
The stop position is accurate.
接线牢固、进线口密封；
The connection is firm and the inlet is sealed.

Page 43
 行走机构
2.6 Traveling Mechanism
2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(1) 构成
Composition
行走底架（构件）；
Traveling chassis (component);
行走台车；
Traveling trolley;
电缆卷筒；
Cable drum;

Page 45
 2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(1) 构成 Composition
支撑构件 support
component （ 1 、 2 、 3 、 4 、 5
、 6 、 7 等）；
缓冲器 buffer （ 8 ）；
行程开关 travel switch （ 9 ）；
行走轮 traveling
wheel （ 10 、 14 ）；
锚固装置 anchor device （ 11 ）；
减速机 reducer （ 12 ）；
电机 / 制动器
motor/brake （ 13 ）；
Page 46
2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(2) 电机 Motor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

法兰螺栓紧固； Flange bolt is

tightened;
轴承润滑； Bearing lubrication;
接线正确、牢固； ͼ 1 µç »ú ½á ¹¹ ʾ Òâ ͼ

The wire connection is correct and firm

接线盒盖、进线孔密封；
The cover of connection box and the inlet ±ê ¼Ç ´¦ Êý ·Ö Çø ü̧ Ä̧ ÄÎ ¼þ ºÅ Ç© Ãû Äê ¡¢ Ô ¡¢ ÈÕ
Éè ¼Æ ±ê ×¼ »¯ ½× ¶Î ±ê ¼Ç ÖØ Á¿ ±È Àý

hole are sealed. Éó ºË

¹¤ ÒÕ Åú ×¼ ¹² ÕÅ µÚ ÕÅ

风机运转正常（轴流风机）；
The fan runs normally (Axial Flow Fan)
表面清洁 The surface is clean
Page 47
2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(3) 制动器 Brake

两级制动完整、固定可靠；
Two-grade braking is complete and reliable.
制动器防护完整、可靠；
Brake protection is complete and reliable.
两级制动顺序 / 节奏正确、开闸灵活；
The two-grade braking sequence/rhythm is correct and
the brake opening is flexible.
开闸间隙满足要求，均匀；
The opening clearance meets the requirements and is
uniform.
摩擦片磨损（单边磨损至接近制动盘金属端面）；
Friction disc wear (unilateral wear to the metal end of
the brake disc);
无异物（如泥沙、油脂等）；
No foreign bodies (such as sediment, grease, etc.);

Page 48
06. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(4) 减速机 Reducer

连接牢固；
The connection is firm;
缓冲完整、有效；
The buffer is complete and effective;
无异常噪声；
No abnormal noise;
无漏渗油；
No oil leakage;
油质、油量（油润滑）；
Oil quality and quantity (oil lubrication);
轴承完好、间隙合适；
The bearing is in good condition and
the clearance is appropriate

Page 49
2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(5) 车轮 Wheel
轴承座连接牢固；
The bearing seat is firmly connected.
轴承定位可靠；
Reliable bearing positioning;
踏面、轮缘平整 / 光滑；
Flat/smooth tread and rim;
轮缘磨损（≯ 50% ） Flange wear (≯50%);
踏面磨损（ ≯ 10mm ） ； Tread wear
( ≯10mm);
轴承润滑、完好；
The bearing is lubricated and in good condition.
齿轮固定可靠、润滑；
Gear fixing is reliable and lubricated.
齿轮 / 花键啮合正常；
Gear/spline meshing is normal.

Page 50
 2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(6) 锚固装置 Anchor device

手动夹轨器
Manual rail clamping device

完整、连接可靠；
Complete and reliable connection;
翻转灵活； Flexible flip;
夹紧螺杆润滑、旋转灵活；
The clamping screw lubricates and rotates flexibly.
夹钳平整、无裂纹；
The clamp is flat and crack-free.

Page 51
 2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(6) 锚固装置 Anchor device

与台车架连接牢固；
Firm connection with bogie frame;
液压 管路连接牢固； Pipeline connection is firm;
夹轨 泵 / 缸 / 管路无漏渗油；
器
No oil leakage in pump/cylinder/pipeline;
限位开关完整、信号输出正常；
Hydraulic
The limit switch is complete and the signal output is
rail
clamping normal.
device 摩擦块退距正常，两侧退距均；
The clearance of friction block is normal, and
clearance of both sides is equal.
开闸释放压力正常；
The release pressure is normal.
接线牢固、接线盒密封；
The wire connection is firm and the junction box is
well sealed ;
Page 52
 2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(6) 锚固装置 Anchor device

液压油油质、油量；
液压 Quality of hydraulic oil, quantity of
hydraulic oil
夹轨器 泵站无异常噪声、油温正常；
No abnormal noise and the oil
Hydraulic temperature in the pump station is
rail normal;
溢流阀压力正常；
clamping The pressure of relief valve is normal;
device 继电器切换压力正常；
Relay switching pressure is normal;
闭闸速度正常；
Normal closing speed;
表面清洁；
Clean surface;
Page 53
2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(6) 锚固装置 Anchor device

完整、无缺陷、无缺失；
Complete, no defects, no missing;
锚固杆 销轴润滑、装拆轻松；
Anchor rod Pin shaft lubrication, easy assembly
and disassembly;
调整杆润滑、转动灵活；
The adjusting rod is lubricated and
rotates flexibly;
信号开关完整、位置、功能正常； 1- 锚固销、 2- 调整杆、 3- 位置信号开关、 4-

Signal switch is complete, its position 连接销轴、 5- 位置锁销、 6- 配重、 7- 台车构件

and function is normal

1.anchor rod 2. adjusting rod 3 position
配重块位置正常；
signal switch 4 connecting pin
The counter-weight block is in normal 5. position lock pin 6 counter weight
position 7.Trolley strctural parts

Page 54
 2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(7) 限位装置 Limit device

trolley frame
限位开关完整、安装牢固；
The limit switch is complete and firmly installed. position limit switch
减速、停止信号准确；
The signal of deceleration and signal of stop is track push rod
accurate.
减速、停止位置正确； block
The deceleration and stop position are correct. track
拨杆长度能有效换位； foundation
The length of the push rod can be effectively
transposed.
接线牢固、进线口密封；
The connection is firm and the inlet is sealed.

Page 55
2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(8) 电缆卷筒 Cable

reel
固定 / 连接紧固； center of body
fixed, the connection is tightened cable reel of tower crane
收揽力适度； Appropriate pull-in
force; torque cable
brace rod
drum
集电环磨损、接触均匀、接头牢固 motor bracket
；
The wear condition of collector ring. collector Cable drum
bracket
the contact is even and the joint is
firm
接线盒 / 集电箱盖密封； reducer
trolley
Connection box/collector cover is cable drum
wire case
sealed
track blcok
减速机漏、渗油，油质油量；
Reducer leakage, oil leakage, oil
quality and oil quantity;
表面清洁； The surface is clean
Page 56
2.6. 行走机构 Traveling Mechanism

(9) 支撑构件
Support component

连接紧固；
Firm connection;
轴端挡板牢固； lubrication point
lubrication
The baffle at shaft end is firm; point
销轴副润滑； lubrication point

Pin pair lubrication;

转盘 / 推力装置润滑；
Turntable/thrust device lubrication;
lubrication point

Page 57
2.7 基础 Foundation
2.7. 基础 Foundation

(1) 轨道基础 Rail foundation

轨道安装牢固； The rail is firmly installed. sliding gear
轨距、轨顶高差等满足要求；
The track gauge and the track top height
difference can meet the requirement block 1 block2 fixed gear
滑动车档、固定车档完整；
The sliding gear and fixed gear are complete.
车档位置正确可靠； rail
The position of the gear is correct and
reliable.
撞块安装牢固、位置 / 高度合适；
Block is firmly mounted and suitable for
position/height.
基础无沉降； No settlement of foundation;
排水顺畅； The drainage is smooth.
接地可靠； Reliable grounding;
Page 59
 2.7. 基础 Foundation

(2) 固定基础 Fixed foundation

支腿完整； Support pillars is complete

与塔身 / 基础连接牢固；
Firm connection with tower body/foundation;
基础无沉降； No settlement of foundation;
周边牢固 Strong surrounding
排水顺畅； The drainage is smooth.
接地可靠； Reliable grounding;

Page 60
2.7. 基础 Foundation

(3) 附着 Attachment devices

附着框与塔身连接牢固；
The attachment frame is firmly connected
with the tower body.
附着杆与建筑物连接牢固；
The attachment rod is firmly connected with
the building.
建筑物能承受附着载荷；
Buildings can withstand attachment loads.
各连接螺栓 / 销轴连接有效；
The connecting bolts/pin shafts are
effectively connected.
各构件无塑性变形；
There is no deformation in each
component.
各焊缝无裂纹；
There are no cracks in each weld.
调节螺杆润滑、锁定；
Adjusting screw lubrication and locking;
Page 61
2.8 能力限制器 Capacity Limite
r
2.8. 能力限制器 Capacity limiter

(1) 起重量限制器 ★ 义
3~5 档重量限制调整及意

Lifting weight limiter

连接牢固； Firm connection;
防护有效； Effective protection;
各零部件完整、有效； The parts are complete and
effective.
顶杆螺钉锁紧可靠； Ejector screw locking is reliable.
微动开关安装牢固； The micro switch is firmly installed.
各开关动作的对应重量准确；
The corresponding weight of each switch action is accurate.
接线牢固、进线口密封；
The connection is firm and the inlet is sealed.

Page 63
2.8. 能力限制器 Capacity limiter

(2) 力矩限制器 Load moment limiter

弓板无永久变形，焊缝可靠；
The arch plate has no permanent
deformation, and the weld is reliable.
防护有效； Effective protection;
各零部件完整、有效；
The parts are complete and effective.
顶杆螺钉锁紧可靠；
Ejector screw locking is reliable.
微动开关安装牢固；
The micro switch is firmly installed.
各开关动作的对应力矩准确；
The corresponding torque of each switch
action is accurate;
接线牢固、进线口密封；
The connection is firm and the inlet is
sealed.
Page 64
2.9 结构件 Structural Parts
2.9. 结构件 Structural Parts

(1) 结构件 Structural Parts (2) 通道、护栏

Passage, Guardrail

构件完整； Component integrity; 通道 / 护栏完整、连续，无缺失；

构件无塑性变形；
No deformation for structural parts. The passageway/guardrail is complete, continuous
焊缝无裂纹； There is no crack in the weld. and without missing.
油漆防护有效； Paint protection is effective
平衡重、压重固定可靠； 连接牢固、无松脱；
The counter-weight and ballast are fixed and Firm connection without loosening;
reliable.
砼质平衡重、压重无裂纹，无脱落风险； 通道顺畅、无杂务
There is no crack for concrete counter-weight The passage is smooth and free of debris.
and ballast and no risk of falling off.

Page 66
2.9. 结构件 Structural Parts

(3) 连接 Connection
连接螺栓无松脱、无缺失；
No loosening or missing of connecting bolt;
高强螺栓副预紧力矩满足要求；
Pre-tightening torque of high strength bolt pair
meets requirements
高强螺栓副无裂纹、螺纹副光滑；
High-strength bolt pair is free of crack and thread
pair is smooth;
高强螺栓副油脂密封；
High strength bolt pair is sealed with grease
连接销轴及其锁销完整、连接有效；
The connecting pin shaft and its locking pin are
complete and effective.
销轴孔、销轴无永久变形；
The pin hole and pin shaft without permanent
deformation;
主要受力销轴油脂密封；
Main force pin shaft is sealed by grease
Page 67
03 经验分享及建议
Experience Sharing and Suggestions
3.1. 小修项目 Minor Maintenance

• 小修（塔机工作 1000 小时以后进行）

• Minor Maintenance ( after the tower crane works 1000 hours)
– 进行日常保养的各项工作；
– Carry out daily maintenance work;
– 拆检清洗减速机的齿轮，调整齿侧间隙；
– Disassemble, inspect and clean gear of reducer, adjust clearance of tooth side;
– 清洗开式传动的齿轮，调整后涂抹润滑脂；
– Clean the gear of open transmission and apply grease after adjustment;
– 检查和调整制动器和安全装置；
– Check and adjust brakes and safety devices;
– 检查吊钩、滑轮和钢丝绳的磨损情况，必要时进行调整、修复和更改。
– Check the abrasion of hook, pulley and wire rope, adjust, repair and change if necessary.

Page 69
3.2. 中修项目 Medium Maintenance

• 中修（塔机工作 4000 小时以后进行）

• Medium Maintenance ( ( after the tower crane works 1000 hours)
– 进行小修的各项工作；
– Carry out minor maintenance;
– 修复或更改各联轴器的损坏件；
– Repair or modify the damaged parts of each coupling;
– 修复或更换制动瓦；
– Repair or replace brake shoe
– 更换钢丝绳、滑轮等；
– Replace wire rope, pulley, etc.
– 检查回转支承中连接螺栓，必要时更换，注意：更换时采用高强螺栓；
– Check the connection bolts in the slewing ring and replace them if necessary. Note: high-strength bolt
s are used for replacement;
– 除锈、油漆。
– Remove rust and paint.

Page 70
3.3. 大修项目 Overhaul Items

• 大修（塔机工作 8000 小时以后进行）

• Overhaul (After tower crane works 8000 hours)
• 进行小修和中修的各项工作；
• Carry out the minor and medium maintenance
• 修复或更换制动轮、制动器等
• Repair or replace brake wheel, brake, etc.
• 修复或更换减速机总成；
• Repair or replace reducer assembly;
• 修复或更换回转支承总成。
• Repair or replace slewing ring assembly.

Page 71
3.4. 制动器报废标准 Scrap Standard for Brake

• 制动器零件有下列情况之一的应予报废：
• Brake parts should be scrapped under one of the following circumstances:
– 裂纹； Crack
– 制动块摩擦衬垫磨损量达原材料厚度的 50% ；
– Brake block friction and liner wear is up to 50% of the thickness of raw materials;
– 制动轮表面磨损量达 5mm~2mm ；
– The wear for the surface of brake wheel reaches 5mm~2mm;
– 弹簧出现塑形变形；
– The spring appears deformation;
– 杠杆系统空行程超过其额定行程约 10% 。
– The empty stroke of lever system exceeds its rated stroke by about 10%.

Page 72
3.5. 吊钩报废标准 Scrap Standard for Hook

• 吊钩禁止补焊，有下列情况之一的应予报废：
• Repair welding of the hook is not allowed, and it shall be scrapped under any of the following circumst
ances:
– 用 20 倍放大镜观察表面有裂纹及破口；
– Use a 20 x magnifying glass to observe the surface cracks and gaps;
– 钩尾和螺纹部分等危险断面及钩筋有永久性变形；
– Hav e dangerous sections for hook tail and thread parts and permanent deformation of hook bars;
– 挂绳处断面磨损量超过原高的 10% ；
– The wear for the section at the rope hanging place exceeds 10% of the original height;
– 心轴磨损量超过其直径的 5% ；
– Wear of mandrel exceeds 5% of its diameter;
– 开口度比原尺寸增加 15%
– The opening is 15% larger than the original size.

Page 73
3.6. 卷筒报废标准 Scrap Standard for Drum and Pulley

• 卷筒和滑轮有下列情况之一的应予报废：
• The drum and pulley shall be scrapped under any of the following circumstances:
– 裂纹和轮缘破损；
– Crack and flange damage;
– 卷筒壁磨损量达原壁厚的 10% ；
– The wear of wall thickness of drum reaches 10% of the original wall thickness.
– 滑轮绳槽底的磨损量超过相应钢丝绳直径的 25% 。
– The wear at the bottom of pulley rope groove exceeds 25% of the diameter of corr
esponding steel wire rope.

Page 74
3.7. 行走台车车轮报废标准 Scrap Standard for Wheel of Travel Trolley

• 车轮有下列情况之一的应予报废：
• Wheels shall be scrapped in one of the following circumstances:
– 裂纹； Crack
– 车轮踏面厚度磨损量达原厚度的 15% ；
– The wear of wheel tread thickness is 15% of the original thickness.
– 车轮轮缘厚度磨损量达原厚度的 50% 。
– The wear of wheel rim thickness is 50% of the original thickness.

Page 75
3.8. 回转支承装置的维护保养 The Maintenance of Slewing Bearing Device

• 回转支承装置的维护保养 The Maintenance of Slewing Bearing Device

– 回转支承的安装支座（支承齿圈下底面的座子和置于内座圈上表面的座子）必须有足够的刚性，安装面要平整。装配回转支承以前支座应进
行去应力处理，减少回转支承支座的变形。装配时支座和回转支承的接触面必须清理干净。
– The mounting support of the slewing bearing (the seat on the lower surface of the supporting ring and the seat on the upper surface of the
inner ring) must be rigid enough and the mounting surface must be smooth. Before installing the slewing support, the bearing should be d
e-stressed to reduce the deformation of the slewing support. The contact surface between the support and the slewing bearing must be cle
aned during assembly.

– 使用中应注意噪音的变化和回转阻力矩的变化，如有不正常现象应拆检。
– Pay attention to the change of noise and slewing resistance moment. If abnormal phenomena occur, it shall be disassembled and inspecte
d.

– 回转支承必须水平起吊或存放，切勿直起吊或存放，以免变形。
– Slewing bearing must be hoisted or stored horizontally, and not hoisted or stored vertically, so as to avoid deformation.

– 在螺栓完全拧紧以前，应进行齿轮的啮合检查，其啮合状况应符合齿轮精度的要求：即齿轮副在轻微的制动下运转后齿面上分布的接触斑点
在轮齿高度方向上不小于 25% ，在轮齿长度方向上不小于 30% 。
– Before the bolt is completely tightened, check the meshing of gear, and the meshing condition shall meet the requirements of gear accurac
y: that is, the contact spots distributed on the gear surface after the gear pair operates under slight braking shall not be less than 25% in th
e direction of height of gear tooth and 30% in the direction of length of gear tooth.

Page 76
3.8. 回转支承装置的维护保养 The Maintenance of Slewing Bearing Device
• 回转支承装置的维护保养 The Maintenance of Slewing Bearing Device
– 齿面工作 10 个班次应清除一次杂物，并重新涂上润滑脂。
– After work 10 shifts, the tooth surface should be cleaned up once and greased again.

– 为确保螺栓工作的可靠性，避免螺栓预紧力的不足，回转支承工作的第一个 100 小时和 500 小时后，均应分别检查螺栓的预紧扭矩。此后每

工作 1000 小时应检查一次预紧扭矩。
– In order to ensure the reliability of bolt operation and avoid the insufficiency of bolt preload, the preload torque of the bolt should be checked after the
first 100 hours and 500 hours of slewing bearing operation. Thereafter, the pre-tightening torque should be checked every 1000 hours.

– 连接回转支承的螺栓和螺母均采用高强螺栓和螺母；采用双螺母紧固和防松。
– High strength bolts and nuts are used to connect slewing bearing , and double-nut is used to fasten and prevent loosening.

– 拧紧螺母时，应在螺栓的螺纹及螺母端面涂润滑油，并应该用扭矩扳手在圆周方向对称均匀多次拧紧。最后一遍拧紧时，每个螺栓上预紧扭
矩应大致均匀。
– When tightening the nut, the thread of the bolt and the end face of the nut should be lubricated, and the torque wrench should be used to tighten sym
metrically and evenly many times in the circumferential direction. When tightening last time, the pre-tightening torque on each bolt should be uniform
approximately.
– 在回转支承的齿圈上表面对准滚刀的部位均匀布了 4 个油环，由此滚道内添加润滑脂。在一般情况下，回转支承运转 50 小时润滑一次。每次
加油必须加足，直至从密封处渗出油脂为止。
– Four oil rings were evenly distributed on the surface of the tooth ring of the slewing support aligned with the hob, thus lubricating grease is added to th
e raceway. In general, the slewing bearing is lubricated once in 50 hours. Each refueling must be sufficient until grease leaks from the seal.

Page 77
 后语 Afterword
塔机作为机、电、液、钢构集成的成套设备，正确的
维护保养，是确保安全、提高使用效率、减低使用成
本的前提条件。
前述维护保养内容仅是重点，并非全部，需要在工作
实际中，细致观察、及时发现异常，理性分析、查找
原因并及时处理，方可保障塔机处于完好状态。

As a complete set of equipment integrated with

mechanical, electrical, hydraulic and steel structure,
proper maintenance of tower crane is the prerequisite
for ensuring safety, improving efficiency and reducing
cost.

The above maintenance content is only the focus, not

the whole. It is necessary to observe carefully, find
abnormalities in time, analyze rationally, find out the
reasons and deal with them in time in practicle work so
as to ensure the tower crane in good condition.

Page 78
Thank You!
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