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Transmission and Distribution (Unit 2)

The document discusses inductance and capacitance in electrical systems. It covers: 1) Flux linkages and inductance calculations for single and three phase lines using geometric mean distance (GMD). 2) Formulas for self and mutual inductance of conductors based on their spacing, shape and material properties. 3) Concepts of electric potential and methods to calculate potential differences between conductors and a neutral plane, both for single conductors and groups of conductors. 4) Expressions for capacitance of single and three phase lines to neutral based on their geometry and potentials. 5) Brief mentions of skin effect and proximity effect in conductors carrying alternating current.

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Jain Marshel B
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167 views

Transmission and Distribution (Unit 2)

The document discusses inductance and capacitance in electrical systems. It covers: 1) Flux linkages and inductance calculations for single and three phase lines using geometric mean distance (GMD). 2) Formulas for self and mutual inductance of conductors based on their spacing, shape and material properties. 3) Concepts of electric potential and methods to calculate potential differences between conductors and a neutral plane, both for single conductors and groups of conductors. 4) Expressions for capacitance of single and three phase lines to neutral based on their geometry and potentials. 5) Brief mentions of skin effect and proximity effect in conductors carrying alternating current.

Uploaded by

Jain Marshel B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flux Linkages

Flux linkages due to a single current carrying conductor


Flux linkages due to internal flux:
Flux linkages due to internal flux:
Inductance of a Single Phase Two-wire Line
Expression for inductance in terms of GMR

is called GMR of the wire.


Inductance of a 3 Phase Overhead Line
Symmetrical spacing
Unsymmetrical spacing

Transposition of lines
each conductor has the same average inductance

Assuming balance condition, IA+IB+IC=0


 Calculate the loop inductance per km of a single phase line
comprising of 2 parallel conductors 1m apart and 1cm in
diameter, when the material of the conductor is

i. Copper

ii. Steel of relative permeability 50.


Concept of Self-GMD and Mutual-GMD

Self-GMD (Ds) :
Also called Geometrical mean radius (GMR)

Inductance/conductor/m = 2 × 10-7loge (d/Ds)

Ds = GMR or self-GMD = 0·7788 r

Note:
Self-GMD of a conductor depends upon the size and
shape of the conductor and is independent of the
spacing between the conductors
Mutual-GMD (Dm) :

Geometrical mean of the distances from one conductor to the other.

Mutual-GMD simply represents the equivalent geometrical spacing.

The mutual-GMD between two conductors is equal to the distance

between their centers i.e.

Dm = spacing between conductors = d

For a single circuit 3-φ line, the mutual-GMD is equal to the

equivalent equilateral spacing

Dm = (d1 d2 d3)1/3
3-φ double circuit lines
 Self-GMD of conductor = 0·7788 r

 Self-GMD of combination aa´ is

Ds1 = (Daa × Daa′× Da′a′× Da′a)1/4

 Self-GMD of combination bb´ is

Ds2 = (Dbb × Dbb′ × Db′b′× Db′b)1/4

 Self-GMD of combination cc′ is

Ds3 = (Dcc × Dcc′ × Dc′c′ × Dc′c)1/4

 Equivalent self-GMD of one phase

Ds = (Ds1 × Ds2 × Ds3)1/3

 The value of Ds is the same for all the phases as each conductor has
the same radius.
 Mutual-GMD between phases A and B is

DAB = (Dab × Dab′× Da′b × Da′b′)1/4

 Mutual-GMD between phases B and C is

DBC = (Dbc × Dbc′× Db′c × Db′c′)1/4

 Mutual-GMD between phases C and A is

DCA = (Dca × Dca′× Dc′a × Dc′a′)1/4

 Equivalent mutual-GMD,

Dm = (DAB × DBC × DCA)1/3


Inductance Formulas in Terms of GMD
Electric Potential
“The electric potential at a
point due to a charge is the
work done in bringing a
unit positive charge from
infinity to that point.”
Potential at a charged single conductor:

 The electric intensity E at a distance x from the centre of the


conductor in air is given by,

 The potential difference between conductor A and infinity


distant neutral plane is given by
Potential at a conductor in a group of charged conductors
 Potential at A due to its own charge QA ,

 Potential at Conductor A due to charge QB ,

 Potential at Conductor A due to charge QC ,

 Overall potential difference between conductor A and infinite neutral plane is,

(Assuming balanced conditions i.e., QA + QB + QC+… =


0)
Capacitance of a Single Phase Two-wire Line

The total potential difference between conductor A and neutral “infinite” plane is
Similarly, potential difference between conductor B and neutral “infinite” plane is
Capacitance to neutral
Capacitance of a 3-Phase Overhead Line
Symmetrical spacing
Unsymmetrical spacing
Skin Effect
The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the
surface of a conductor is known as skin effect.

Cross Section of Conductor


Proximity Effect

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