EARTHQUAKE

What is Earthquake?
 Objectives
1. Identify the causes of earthquake
2. identify the different types of fault
3. Discuss the two ways in which the severity of an earthquake is measured
4. list down the effects of earthquakes
 INTERACTIVE BOARD
01 02 03
What is Causes of
Keyterms
Earthquake? Earthquake

04 05 06
Classification of Strength of Effects of
Faults Earthquake Earthquake
 01
What is Earthquake?
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
It also refers to the sudden and violent shaking of the ground,
sometimes causing great destruction.
02 KEYTERMS RELATED
TO EARTHQUAKE
 KEYTERMS RELATED TO
EARTHQUAKE
Focus (Hypocenter) Fault plane
Focus is the point on the fault where rupture
occurs and the location from which seismic These are the cracks or sudden
waves are released. slips of the land.

Epicenter Fault Scrap

it is the point on the Earth’s It is the topographic expression of faulting
surface that is directly attributed to the displacement of the
above the focus land surface by movement along faults.

Fault line Seismic waves

it is the surface trace of a fault, the energy created by the quake that travels
the line of intersection in waves from the epicenter, where
between the Earth’s they are the strongest
surface.
 CAUSES OF

03
EARTHQUAKES
1. Faults
2. Surface cause
3. Volcanic Cause
4. Tectonic cause
 1. Faults

The primary cause of an earthquake

is faults on the crust of the Earth. CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS
A fault is a break or fracture
between two blocks of rocks in
a. Normal Fault
response to stress. This movement b. Thrust (reverse) fault
may occur rapidly, in the form of an c. Strike-slip fault
earthquake or may occur slowly in
the form of creep.
B. Surface cause
• Great explosions, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing of sea waves,
avalanches, railway trains, heavy trucks, some large engineering projects cause minor
tremors, some of them are manmade, either are natural.

C. Volcanic Cause
• Volcanic eruptions produce earthquakes. Earthquakes may precede, accompany and
frequently follow volcanic eruptions.
• They are caused by sudden displacements of lava within or beneath the earth crust.
• There are two general categories of earthquakes that can occur at a volcano
i. volcano-tectonic earthquake
ii. long period earthquakes

D. Tectonic cause
• Structural disturbances resulting in the pats of the lithosphere is the main cause of this
type of earthquake.
• Most of the disastrous earthquakes belong to this category and occur in areas of great
faults and fractures. Sudden yielding to strain produced on the rocks of accumulating
stress causes displacements especially along old fault zones known as great transform
faults
 04
CLASSIFICATION OF
FAULTS
 a. Normal Fault

• a dip-slip fault in which the block

above faults has moved
downward relative to the block
below.
 b. Thrust (reverse) fault

• a dip-slip fault in which the

upper block, above the fault
plane, moves up and over the
lower block.
 Strike-slip fault

• A left-lateral strike-slip fault: it is

one on which the displacement
of the far block id to the left
when viewed from either side.
• A right-lateral strike-slip fault: it
is one on which the displacement
of the far block is to the right
when viewed from either side.
 STRENGTH OF

05 EARTHQUAKES
Magnitude VS Intensity
 MAGNITUDE INTENSITY

● magnitude measures the energy ● Intensity measures the strength

released at the source of the of shaking produced by the
earthquake. earthquake at a certain location.

● Richter scale
○ is an outdated method for
measuring magnitude.

Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves
through the Earth
Seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground motions, such as caused by
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. Seismometers are usually combined with
a timing device and a recording device to form a seismograph
 EARTHQUAKE SAFETY TIPS
1. BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
 
a. Choose a safe place in every room such as under a sturdy piece of
furniture like a table or a desk where nothing can fall on you.
b. Practice DROP, COVER and HOLD ON!
i. Drop under something sturdy, hold on and protect your eyes by
pressing your face against your arm.
c. Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car. include a first aid kit,
canned food and a can opener, bottled water, battery-operated ratio,
flashlight, protective clothing and written instruction on how to turn off
electricity, gas and water.
 EARTHQUAKE SAFETY TIPS
1. DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

a. DROP, COVER and HOLD ON

b. Stay indoors until the shaking stops
c. Stay away from windows
d. If you’re in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow.
e. If you’re outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings, trees and power
lines. Then drop to the ground.
f. If you’re in car, slow down and drive to a safe place. Stay in the car until
the shaking stops.
 EARTHQUAKE SAFETY TIPS
1. AFTER THE SHAKING STOPS

a. Check the injuries

b. Inspect your home for damage.
c. Eliminate fire hazards, so turn off the gas if you think its leaking.
d. Expect aftershocks.
e. Each time yoe feel one, DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON.
 EFFECTS OF
EARTHQUAKE 06
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
● Shaking and Ground Rupture ● Landslides and Avalanches
○ Shaking and ground rupture are the ○ Earthquakes along with severe
main effects created by earthquakes, storms, volcanic activity, coastal
principally resulting in more or less wave attack and wildfires, can
severe damage to buildings and other produce slope instability leading
rigid structures. to landslides, a major geological
○ The severity of the local effects hazard. landslides danger may
depends on the complex combination persist while emergency
of the earthquakes magnitude, the personnel are attempting
distance from the epicenter, and the rescue.
local geological and geomorphologic
conditions, which may amplify or
reduce wave propagation. The ground
shaking is measured by ground
acceleration.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
● Fires ● Soil Liquefaction
○ Earthquakes can cause fires by ○ Soil liquefaction occurs because
damaging electrical power or gas lines. of the shaking water-saturated
In the event of water mains rupturing granular material such as sand,
and a loss of pressure, it may also it temporarily loses its strength
become difficult to stop the spread of and transforms from solid to
a fire once it has started. For example, liquid. Soil liquefaction may
more deaths in the 1906 San Francisco cause rigid structures like
earthquake were caused by fire than buildings and bridges to tilt or
by the Earthquake itself. sink into liquefied deposits.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
● Tsunami ● Flood
○ Large waves produced by an ○ Earthquakes may cause
earthquake or a submarine landslides landslides to dam rivers, which
can overrun nearby coastal areas in a collapse and cause floods.
matter of minutes. ○ the terrain below the Sarez Lake
○ Tsunamis can also travel thousands of in Tajikistan is in danger of
kilometers across open ocean and catastrophic flood if the
wreak destruction on far shores hours landslides dam formed by the
after the earthquake that generated earthquake , known as the Usoi
them. Dam, were to fail during a
○ Ordinarily, subduction earthquake future earthquake. Impact
under magnitude some instances f this projections suggest the flood
have been recorded. Most destructive could affect roughly 5 million
tsunamis are caused by earthquake of people.
magnitude 7.5 or more.
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
● Human Impacts
○ An earthquake may cause injury and
loss of life, roads and bridges damage,
general property damage (which may
or may not be covered by earthquake
insurance and collapse or
destabilization (potentially leading to
future collapse) of buildings. the
aftermath may bring disease. Lack of
basic necessities and higher insurance