NETWORK
COMMUNICATIO
N AND
PROTOCOLS
BY ABBAS GHALIB
NETWORK COMMUNICATION (INTRODUCTION)
People use computer networks daily to conduct personal and professional business.
The trend is accelerating as more people discover the power of computers and networks for both businesses and homes.
Daily transactions at departmental stores, banks, reservation counters and other businesses are all dependent upon
computer networks.
WHAT IS
COMPUTER
NETWORK?
A computer network is an
interconnection between two or more
computers and/or other network devices
so that they can communicate with each
other to share network resources (both
hardware and software).
A network is made up of collection of
computers and other network devices
that allow information exchange to take
place.
Connections can be wired (using some
form of cable) and it can be wireless
(using radio or microwave)
communication.
COMPONENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
There are five basic components
of communication system:
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Transmission Media
5. Protocol
BASIC NETWORK COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
1 2 3 4 5
Sender - It is the device Receiver - It is the device Message - It is the Transmission Medium - It Protocol - It is a set of rules
which sends the data which receives the data information to be is the physical pathway (also that governs the process of
messages. In other words, it messages. In other words, it communicated. It can be text, known as channel) over data Communication. It
is the source of message that is the destination of message pictures, audio, video etc. which a message is sent from represents an agreement
can be a computer, radio, that can be a computer, radio, sender to receiver. Some between the communicating
telephone handset etc. telephone handset etc. examples are coaxial cable, devices. Without a protocol,
microwaves, fiber optics two devices may be
cable etc. connected but can not
communicate.
MODES OF NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
It refers to the methods or ways
information is transmitted from
one place to another.
The communication take place in one direction only.
Communication is unidirectional.
Communication take place in only one direction and it is impossible for the receiver to send data
back.
SIMPLEX For example:
Data being sent to an electronic notice board found in train stations and Airports.
Radio and Television broadcast.
Information from Computer to Printer.
The communication take place in both directions but not at the same time.
The signals can only be sent or received at a time.
HALF-DUPLEX Used for transaction-oriented systems, for example communication between
computer and credit card machine.
Common example is walkie-talkie where each of the persons communicating
must indicate when they have finished speaking.
The communication take place in both directions at the same time.
Both sender and receiver can send or receive data simultaneously.
It is the fastest bi-directional mode of communication.
It is just like a two-way street, with traffic flowing in both directions at the same time.
FULL-DUPLEX For example:
Two or more computers are attached to a network device such as a switch that provides full duplex
activity.
In Telephone network, two people are communicating by a telephone line, both can talk and listen
at the same time.
ASYNCHRONOUS AND
SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION MODES
These are the methods by which
characters are transferred between
components,
Within the computer
Between the computers
An external network
ASYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION
Transmission mode in which time interval
between each character is not the same.
In asynchronous transmission,
Each character is transmitted with
additional control information. Control
information consists of additional start
and stop bits. Start bit indicates that
transmission is about to start and stop bit
indicates that transmission about to stop.
Start bit is generally 0 and stop bit is 1.
Between the start and stop bits, the bits
representing a character are transmitted
at uniform intervals.
Transmission is slow because of the
additional bits transmitted with each
character. It is suitable for slow speed
connection between system unit and
keyboard or mouse.
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
The transmission mode in which time interval between
the characters is always the same.
In synchronous transmission,
No control information is added with the character.
Data consisting of 0’s and 1’s is transmitted as one long
stream of bits. The receiver counts the bits As they arrive and
recognizes the characters.
Synchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous
because it does not need extra start and stop bits. Therefore, it
is used in fast data communication between computers in
computer networks.
COMMUNICATION
MEDIA
Communication media are the
links that provides paths for
communicating devices.
It is used to transmit data from one
network device (node) to another.
Guided media uses cabling system that
guides the data signals along a specific
path.
GUIDED
COMMUNICATIO
N MEDIA
Different types of guided media are:
Telephone Twisted Coaxial Fiber Optics
Cable Pairs Cable Cable Cable
Standard telephone cable is widely used as communication lines.
Telephone lines are particularly useful to the user of data communication
because the complex network of lines that has already been established
TELEPHONE CABLE allows data to be transmitted to any location in the world.
The only disadvantage is that transmission speed is very slow. Therefore, its
use is declining slowly.
TWISTED PAIR CABLE
Most used cable for data communication.
It consists of pairs of copper wires twisted around one another.
The purpose of twisting the cables is to reduce cross talk and
electromagnetic interference and make the communication more
reliable.
Telephone cables consists of one twisted pair insulated wires.
Computer network cable consists of 4 pairs of twisted cables.
Transmission speed of twisted pair cable ranges from 2 million
bits per second to 10 billion bits per second.
Coaxial cable is used for LAN and Cable TV systems
It consists of copper wire surrounded by insulating layer
The insulating layer itself is surrounded by conductive layer.
Insulation reduces interference and distortion.
Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to 500 million
bits per second.
COAXIAL CABLE
FIBER OPTIC CABLE
It consists of smooth hair-thin strands of transparent material.
In fiber optics transmission,
The transmitter has a converter that converts electrical signals into
light waves.
The light waves are transmitted over the cable.
Another converter is placed at the receiving end that converts light
waves back into electrical signals.
A single fiber optic can carry up to 50,000 communication lines.
It provides high quality transmission at extremely high speed.
It can transmit trillions of bits per second.
It is not affected by electromagnetic fields and can transmit both analog
and digital signals.
It is expensive than twisted pair and coaxial cables and used for data
transmission over long distances.
UNGUIDED COMMUNICATION MEDIA
They are not
Also called Transmission
guided through
unbound or takes place
any specific
wireless media. through open air.
path.
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION
Microwave signals travel through open space like
radio waves.
Provides faster transmission rate than telephone lines
or coaxial cables.
Microwave antennas are installed on high buildings or
high towers.
The transmitting and receiving sites must be within
sight of one another.
Microwave are used for satellite communication and
other long distance wireless communications.
COMMUNICATION
SATELLITES
Satellite is an object that is placed in an orbit around the earth and
revolves around it with speed that is slightly faster than earth’s
average orbital speed for communication.
It has a receiver and transmitter used for transmitting data over a
long distance at high speed.
Ground stations beam signals through antennas to satellites.
Satellites amplify and retransmit the signals to another ground
station which can be located many thousands of miles away.
The main drawback of satellite communication is the high cost of
placing the satellite into its orbit.
Satellites are launched by rockets or space shuttles and precisely
positioned in the space with an orbit speed that exactly matches
with the rotation speed of the earth.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
A device that is used in
telecommunication
Commonly used
systems for transmitting
communication devices
data from one location
are:
to another is known as
communication device.
Hub Switch Router Gateway
HUB
Connectivity device used in LAN.
It connects multiple LAN devices on one network and
makes them act together as a single network.
It is a non-intelligent device and sends output to all the
devices on the network.
It has multiple I/O ports, in which an input in one port
results in it being an output in all the other ports, except
the port where it was input.
In layman’s terms, a HUB connects many networks into
one, where a data packet that is sent by one network, is
copied and passed to all network ports, making it so that
every port can see that data packet.
SWITCH
