Alignment Of Main Landing Gear.

i. Alignment of main landing gear wheel should be

checked periodically I.A.W maintenance manual.
ii. The main function of wheel alignment is to assure
proper handling characteristic during taxiing, take-off
and landing.
iii. It is also a method to reduce the tendency of uneven
tire (more obvious to multiple type wheel
arrangement)
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Alignment Of Main Landing Gear.
iv. Wheel alignment generally checked for:
1) Camber – The amount of wheel are tilted or inclined from vertical
view, if the TOP of the wheel tilts outward the camber is
considered as ‘positive camber’ and if it is tilted inward the
camber is considered as ‘negative camber’.
2) Toe – The amount wheel deviate from a straight ahead condition
(the amount of wheel angled from the horizontal axis)
a) Toe In – The wheel try to move together as the front are closer together than
the rear (the extended longitudinal axis of the main landing gear wheel
assemblies will intersect forward of the aircraft).
b) Toe Out – The wheel try to move further apart as the front of the tire are
farther apart than the rear (the extended longitudinal axis of the main landing
gear wheel assemblies will intersect aft of the aircraft).

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Oleo Pneumatic Operations.
v. Wheel alignment for the ‘spring
steel’ landing gear are achieved
by adding or removing shims
between the axle and the
landing gear struts.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

 Oleo Pneumatic Operations.
vi. Wheel alignment for retractable
landing gear with oleo pneumatic
strut achieved by adding or
removing shims in between the
upper torque arm and the lower
torque arm link.
vii. The wheel alignment should be
within the tolerance specified in the
aircraft maintenance manual.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retracting Landing Gear.
i. Improving aircraft performance by reducing parasite
drag on the aircraft. The landing gear are being
retracted inside the fuselage or wing and generally
known as ‘wheel well’ or ‘landing gear compartment’.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retracting Landing Gear.
ii. Methods system of retraction and extension of
retractable landing gear:
1) Mechanical type.
2) Electrical type.
3) Hydraulic type.
4) Pneumatic type.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retracting Landing Gear.
iii. Electrical landing gear retraction system has the
following features:
1) A motor for converting electrical energy into rotary motion.
2) A gear reduction system for decreasing the speed and increasing
the force of rotation.
3) Other gears for changing rotary motion (at a reduced speed) into
push pull movement.
4) Linkage for connecting the push pull movement to the landing
gear shock struts.
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Retraction System Operation.
i. To lower the landing gear, the
pilot moves the landing gear
handle to the GEAR-DOWN
position and these events take
place.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
ii. The landing gear handle
actuates a switch that turns on
the hydraulic pump motor in
the power pack so that it turns
in the direction shown by the
arrows in figure A.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
iii. Fluid flow through the passage
and check valve on the right
side of the pump and around
the outside of the gears.
iv. The output from the pump
moves the gear-up check valve
piston to the right an unseat
the gear-up check valve.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
v. The pump output then flows
down to the shuttle valve and
forces it to the left, opening the
passage to the gear-down side
of the actuating cylinder.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
vi. Fluid flow into the down side of
the three actuating cylinder
and forces the pistons out. The
nose gear is much easier to
move than the main gears, so
the fluid flows into and out of
the nose gear actuating
cylinder through restrictor.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
vii. Return fluid from the up side of
the actuator flows through the
opened gear-up check valve
back to the inlet side of the
pump.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
viii. As each gear reaches its down
and locked position, the
pressure in the gear-down line
builds up and fluid is bypassed
back into the reservoir through
the low-pressure control valve.
When all three gears are down
and locked, limit switches turn
the pump motor off.
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Retraction System Operation.
i. When the aircraft is in the air,
the pilot can retract the landing
gear by moving the landing
gear handle to the GEAR-UP
position, these events take
place.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
ii. The landing gear handle
actuates a switch that turns on
the hydraulic pump motor in
the power pack so that it turns
in the direction shown in Figure
B.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
iii. Fluid flow through the filter and
the check valve on the left side
of the pump, around the gears
and out the right side, down to
the gear-up check valve.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
iv. The fluid from the pump moves
the gear-up check valve piston
to the left, and the fluid unseat
the ball and flow to the gear-up
side of each of the gear
actuating cylinders. The first
movement of the piston
releases the mechanical down
locks and allows the gear to
retract.
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Retraction System Operation.
v. Fluid return from the gear-
down side of the actuator past
the shuttle valve, which the
spring has forced to the right,
back into the reservoir.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
vi. This type of landing gear
system does not have any
mechanical up locks, but the
gear is held retracted by
hydraulic pressure. When all
three gears are fully retracted,
the pressure continues to build
up until it reaches a value that
opens the pressure switch and
shut the hydraulic pump motor
‘OFF’.
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Retraction System Operation.
vii. If the pressure in the system
leaks down to a specific value,
the pressure switch will close
and start the pump so it will
restore the pressure to the
cutout value.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction System Operation.
viii. Retractable Landing Gear are also provided with:
1) Mechanical locks to ensure that each undercarriage is locked
securely in the retracted and extended position.
2) Devices to indicates to the crew about the position of each
undercarriage.
3) Means by which the landing gear can be extended in the event
of hydraulic failure or electrical power source failure.
4) Means to prevent retraction when the aircraft is on the ground.
5) Means to guard against landing with the landing gear retracted.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
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Retractable Landing Gear Retraction Methods.
i. There are 4 types of retraction direction on a
retractable landing gear :
1) Rearwards retraction.
2) Sideward retraction.
3) Forward retraction.
4) Upward retraction.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retracting Landing Gear.
1) Rearward retraction:
1) Could be used on nose landing gear, tail gear and main
alighting gear.
2) The disadvantage of this design is that the airflow could
not be used as an aid or assisting in emergency
extension.
3) Require back-up pressure system for emergency
extension case.
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Retracting Landing Gear.
2) Sideward retraction:
1) Landing gear retracting inboard or outboard is used only
on ‘main landing’ gear application and are not suitable
to be used on ‘nose landing’ gear.
2) Fuselage does not allow any ‘nose landing’ gear or ‘tail’
wheel to be retracted in this direction (small structure,
electrical compartment, radar, etc).

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retracting Landing Gear.
3) Forward retraction:
1) Used generally on both landing gear, which is ‘nose
landing’ gear and ‘main landing’ gear.
2) Considerable effort required to retract (raise) the landing
gear with this methods because it’s against the airflow
during flight.
3) Airflow acts as an aids or assisting in emergency
extension of the landing gear with forward retraction.
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Retracting Landing Gear.
3) Upward retraction:
1) The alighting is retracted upwards into the fuselage
known as ‘pod’ or ‘blister’.
2) Retracting the landing gear into the wing is not a viable
option due to the size construction of the landing gear.
3) Mainly used on high wing plane aircraft such as
‘Lockheed C-130’.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retractable Landing Gear Retraction Methods.
ii. Factors that affecting retraction direction such as:
1) Main plane shape and the thickness.
2) Engine placement/location (at emphanage, under the
wing or inside the fuselage).
3) Landing speed attained.
4) Aircraft design gross weight.
5) Alighting gear type (single, double, tandem or multiple).

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Retraction Test.
i. Retraction test should be carried out as follows:
1) Replacement of a faulty landing gear compartment
(valves, switches, actuator, etc).
2) Adjustment of components related in the retraction
system.
3) After a hard landing or overweight landing occurs.
4) Whenever incorrect operation is reported or suspected
by aircraft personnel (pilot or engineer).
AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
Functional checks during landing gear retraction test.
i. Checks the undercarriage/landing gear for proper operation.
ii. Checks doors for correct operation and fits limits (flushed).
iii. Clearance in the wheel well bay with the landing gear
retracted and making due allowance for the effects of
centrifugal force on the tire diameter (in case of damaging any
hydraulic lines).
iv. Permissible retraction and extension time (also timed for ‘free
fall’).

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR

Functional checks during landing gear retraction test.
v. Checks linkages for correct adjustment and operation then
the securities.
vi. Locks, switches, warning devices, electrical and mechanical
indicators for correct indication and operation.
vii. Freedom from fouling during the retraction or extension
especially flexible pipeline.
viii. General smooth operation of all landing gear associates
mechanism.

AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR