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Bio Molecules

The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains that carbohydrates like starch and glycogen are used for energy, lipids are used for energy storage and insulation, proteins have many functions including structure and enzymes, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information. The document also provides details on the monomers, polymers, and basic structures of each type of biomolecule.

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Carrie Lhee Boado
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275 views

Bio Molecules

The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains that carbohydrates like starch and glycogen are used for energy, lipids are used for energy storage and insulation, proteins have many functions including structure and enzymes, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information. The document also provides details on the monomers, polymers, and basic structures of each type of biomolecule.

Uploaded by

Carrie Lhee Boado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MACROMOLECULES

The digestive process is


occurring. In order for
organisms to live and
function they require
energy. Eating and
digesting food provides the
body with chemical energy
in the form of ATP.
Biomolecules
You are what you eat!
Agenda
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Comparing biomolecules
5. Constructing glucose molecules
Biomolecules
 All of our biomolecules are classified into four
groups:
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids

 Each of these classes have different structures


and functions.
Biomolecules
 The smallest functioning unit of a biomolecule is a
monomer.
 “Mono-” means ONE.

 Put two monomers together, and you get a dimer.


 Di-” means TWO.

 Once several monomers are put together, we get a


polymer.
 “Poly-” means MANY.
CARBOHYDRATES
1. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates aka…

Sugar

Starch
Carbs
How does our body break
down this bread?
Carbohydrates
 There are many other
types of carbs in nature:
 Fructose (fruit sugar)
 Lactose (milk sugar)
 Sucrose (table sugar)
 Ribose/Deoxyribose
(important for DNA
and RNA)
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are
primarily used to provide
us with energy.
 All monosaccharides
and disaccharides end
in “-ose”.
 Glucose is used as a
common energy source
for most organisms.
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules

Loaf of bread Bread crumbs


Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide Disaccharide
Structure

Sugar
Many

Polysaccharide
Structure
Sugar
Two

Di saccharide
Structure

Sugar
One

Monosaccharide
Function
 Provide QUICK energy to the body!
LIPIDS
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Function
 Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen (few
oxygen)
 Fat best method of STORING
 forms cell membranes
 Insulates nerve cells (myelin)
 Insulates body (maintains homeostasis)
Proteins aka….

Whey
Protein

Meat

Polypeptide
Peanut
butter
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Polypeptide

Meat

Amino Acid
Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: polypeptide
Monomer: Amino Acids
•Contains C, H, O, N
•20 types
•Has both hydrophobic
& hydrophylic ends
•Differ in R-group
•R-group can be acidic,
basic or neutral
•Makes polypeptide then
makes proteins
Polymer: Polypeptide
(peptide means bond)

•Formed by
dehydration
synthesis
•Sequence
determined by
DNA
•3-D and folds to
take up less space
Function of Proteins
Provides us with building blocks for
life!
Also regulate most functions in a
cell.
Glycoproteins (antigens)
Combines w/DNA to form
chromosomes
Turns genes on and off
Antibodies (fights disease)
Function of Proteins
Provides structure & strength
(fibers)
Transports molecules in & out
cells
Hemoglobin (transports O2)
Enzymes (speeds up rxns)- has
–ase suffix
Acts as hormones (insulin)-
many proteins have suffix of -in
Nucleic Acids

 Contains C, H, O, N, P
 Monomer: NUCLEOTIDES
 Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
1. 5-Carbon Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
Nucleotide: Nitrogen Bases
 5 types
 Cytosine
 Guanine
 Adenine
 Thymine (in DNA only)

In DNA: In RNA:
 Uracil (in RNA only)
C-G C-G
A-T A-U  Purines or pyrimidines
Nucleotides:
5-carbon sugar and phosphate group
 2 types of sugars
 Ribose (in RNA only)
 Deoxyribose (in DNA
only)
deoxyribose ribose
 Phosphate group
 Contains phosphorus &
oxygen
 Polymer: polynucleotide
Function
Polypeptide: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
 contains the genetic code
 stores
& transmit
heredity/genetic information
 foundin the nucleus
(mitochondria)
 Double stranded (double helix)
Function
Polypeptide: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 Carries info from DNA to
cell
 Helps in protein synthesis
 found in ribosomes &
nucleoli
 Single stranded
Polypeptide: ATP
 Contains
adenine, ribose sugar,
3 phosphates
 Stores and releases energy
Hydrolysis VS. Dehydration
 Hydrolysis is the reverse process of dehydration
synthesis.
 In dehydration synthesis, water is LOST to create a
bigger molecule.
 In hydrolysis, water is ADDED, and a bigger
molecule is broken down into smaller pieces.
 Hydrolysis = hydro and lysis. Hydro means water, and
lysis means to break down.

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