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Structure of Rna

The document discusses the structure and functions of RNA. It notes that RNA was discovered to perform catalytic functions in 1981 when Thomas Cech showed that RNA can serve as a biological catalyst. It also discusses the key components of mRNA, including the 5' cap, coding regions, untranslated regions, and poly-A tail. The document provides detailed information on the structure of tRNA, rRNA, and snRNA and their roles in protein synthesis.

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Aditi Charak
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158 views44 pages

Structure of Rna

The document discusses the structure and functions of RNA. It notes that RNA was discovered to perform catalytic functions in 1981 when Thomas Cech showed that RNA can serve as a biological catalyst. It also discusses the key components of mRNA, including the 5' cap, coding regions, untranslated regions, and poly-A tail. The document provides detailed information on the structure of tRNA, rRNA, and snRNA and their roles in protein synthesis.

Uploaded by

Aditi Charak
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By:

Aditi Charak
B.Sc (H) BMS 2nd year
2009401
The RNA molecules, another type of nucleic
acids, have been found to perform a plethora of
functions in the living world. As of now they can
be outlined as follows:
Reproduction
Catalysis
Regulation
Infection

STRUCTURE OF RNA 2
 1956 – Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Bea Singer
showed that some viruses use RNA as their genetic
material

 1956 – Alfred Glerer and Gerhard Schramm


demonstrated that RNA isolated from TMV is
sufficient to infect tobacco plants and direct the
production of new TMV particles, confirming that
RNA carries genetic instructions.

 1981 – Thomas Cech and his colleagues discovered


that RNA can serve as a biological catalyst.

STRUCTURE OF RNA 3
STRUCTURE OF RNA 4
 All Retroviruses are RNA viruses but all RNA
viruses are not retroviruses.

STRUCTURE OF RNA 5
1. It is usually single stranded.

2. Is a polymer of ribonucleotides.

3. Each ribonucleotide is made up of:

a. Phosphate group
b. Ribose sugar
c. Nitrogenous bases

i. Purines : Adenine and Guanine


ii. Pyrimidines : Cytosine and Uracil

STRUCTURE OF RNA 6
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 Usually occurs inside the  Very little RNA is present
nucleus(intra nuclear) and inside the nucleus. Most
some cell organelles(extra of it is in the cytoplasm
nuclear)  Single stranded except in
 Double stranded except in some viruses
some viruses  Unusual or modified bases
 Unusual bases are very are often present
few or absent  Quantity is variable
 Quantity is fixed in a cell.  Strand may get folded at
 Spirally twisted to form a places to produce a
regular helix.
pseudohelix.

DNA RNA

STRUCTURE OF RNA 11
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Types Of RNA Function
Small nuclear RNA Processing of pre mRNA in the nucleus among the
(snRNA) Eukaryotes

Small nucleolar RNA Processing and assembly of rRNA in the nucleus


(snoRNA) among the eukaryotes

Small cytoplasmic RNA Its present in the cytoplasm among the


(scRNA) eukaryotes and can perform variable functions

Small interfering RNA Gene Regulation


(siRNA)

Micro RNA (miRNA) Gene regulation

STRUCTURE OF RNA 15
 Suggested that in a very specific manner, gene
silencing can be achieved through ds RNA
mediated degradation of mRNA.

 Were awarded the Nobel prize for this


discovery in 2006.

STRUCTURE OF RNA 16
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 Its existence was postulated by Sidney
Brenner in early 1960s.

 Its discovery clarified that even though


information was stored in DNA, the code which
is required to translate it into proteins resides
in RNA.

STRUCTURE OF RNA 21
The prime components of an mRNA molecule are:
 5 prime cap

 Coding regions

 UTR ( untranslated regions)

 Poly A tail
STRUCTURE OF RNA 24
 Are the “non-specific workbenches”

 Present in the cytoplasm or on cytoplasmic


surface of the endoplasmic reticulum

 Translation of the mRNA molecule into a


polypeptide occurs here

STRUCTURE OF RNA 25
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 Geobacillus
stearothermophilus and
Haloarcula marismouti

 1980s – She had already


managed to generate the
first 3D crystals of the
ribosome’s large subunit

ADA E. YONATH STRUCTURE OF RNA 31


 1998 – a decisive
breakthrough
 - published first
crystal structure
of ribosomes large
subunit

His source organism


was Haloarcula
marismortui

Also solved the


“phase angle”
problem.
STRUCTURE OF RNA 32
 He and Ada Yonath got
the structure of the
small subunit of
ribosome from Thernus
thermophilus

 Also prepared a
molecular ruler

 “ Nucleotides in the
small subunit’s rRNA
measure the distance
between the codon in
mRNA and the
anticodonn in tRNA”
STRUCTURE OF RNA 33
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 Structure first described by Robert William Holley
in 1964

 Because of its small size and stability in the cell,


tRNAs have been investigated extensively and are
the best characterized RNA molecules

 Composed of 75-90 nucleotides

 Display a nearly identical structure in bacteria and


eukaryotes

STRUCTURE OF RNA 36
 Holley’s Clover leaf Model
 Two dimensional
 Predicted strictly on the basis of nucleotide sequence
 He arranged the linear model in such a way that several
stretches of base pairing would result
 Such an arrangement created a series of paired stems and
unpaired loops resembling the shape of a cloverleaf

By 1974, Alexander Rich and his colleagues in England, had


succeeded in crystallizing tRNA and performing X-ray
crystallography at a resolution of 3 angstroms.

STRUCTURE OF RNA 38
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 Identifying puffs in a polytene chromosome

 Making Stem cells

 In Selection strategies to identify a specific


gene

 In situ hybridization

STRUCTURE OF RNA 43
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