Number

Systems
Content
 TYPES OF NUMBERS
 Conversion of a decimal number to fraction
 DIVIDIBILITY RULE
 POWER CYCLE
 REMAINDER THEOREM
 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
 i) Number of factors
 ii) Sum of factors
 iii) Product of factors
 HCF & LCM
 AP & GP
Face Value and Place value
4567

Face Value of 4 = 4
Face Value of 5 = 5
Face Value of 6 = 6
Face Value of 7 = 7

Place Value of 4 = 4000

Place Value of 5 = 500
Place Value of 6 = 60
Place Value of 7 = 7
1. Types of numbers
Rational no. b/w a and b = (ak+b)/(k+1)

Irrational no. b/w a and b = √ab, …..

How to find whether a no is Prime or not
Positive Integers: Positive integers can be categories in
many ways.
Important rules related to Even and Odd
numbers:

odd ± odd = even;

even ± even
How to find whether a=noeven;
is Prime or not
even ± odd = odd

odd × odd = odd;

even × even = even;
even × odd = even.

odd(any number) = odd

even(any number) = even
1.i) How to find if a number is prime or not?

N is a prime number if it is not divisible by numbers lesser than √N.

Example: 191 is a prime number since it is not divisible by 2, 3, 5, 7,
11 and 13 [numbers less than √191 (≈14)].
Note: Prime numbers will always be in the form (6k±1) where k= 1,
2, 3....
But not all (6k±1) will be a prime number.

(6k±1)

prime numbers
1.ii) Conversion of a decimal number to fraction:
Q. Convert 0.2333333333……………. into P/Q

A . 23/90
B.7/30
C.21/30
D.5/6
Q. Convert 37.565656565656……………. into P/Q
2. Divisibility Rules
Any other numbers can be written in terms of the numbers
whose divisibility is already known.

Example: 15 = 3 x 5
18 = 2a no
How to find whether x 9is Prime or not
33 = 3 x 11

Note: The numbers expressed should be co-prime (i.e., the

HCF of the two numbers should be 1)

Example: 40 = 4 x 10 is wrong because HCF(4,10) is 2.

∴ 40 = 5 x 8 because HCF(5,8) is 1.
Question: If number 1792N is divisible by 2. How many
values N can take?
[A] 4
[B] 5
[C] 3
[D] 6
Question: What should come in place of x if 563x5 is
divisible by 9?
[A] 7
[B] 8
[C] 9
[D] 2
Question: For what values of P number 345472P34 is
exactly divisible by 9.
[A] 3
[B] 4
[C] 6
[D] 7
Question: For what values of N number 9724N is exactly
divisible by 6.
[A] 2 & 8
[B] 4 & 6
[C] 2 & 6
[D] 6 & 8
Question: For what values of N number 857N32 is exactly
divisible by 11.
[A] 1
[B] 0
[C] 3
[D] 4
Question: What should come in place x if 4857x is divisible
by 88?
[A] 6
[B] 8
[C] 2
[D] 4
 Unit Digit Concept
Right most digit of a number is called Unit digit.

For e.g. 278 X 623 what will be the unit digit?

Unit digit questions can be asked in two ways:

1.Simple Product type Questions

e.g. What will be the unit digit of 123 X 456 X 789.

2. Power Type Questions

e.g. Find the unit digit of (127)^23

It can also be the mixture of both.

We can categories in three category:
Each category
1.Numbers ending with (0, 1, 5, 6) follow a certain
2.Numbers ending with (4,9) rule.
3.Numbers ending with (2,3,7,8)
1. Numbers ending with (0, 1, 5, 6) : Any number
ending with 0, 1, 5, 6 raised to power any number
(Except 0) will always have same number at unit place
respectively.

For e.g. (2350)^234, (531)^34, (245)^321, (776)^321

2. Numbers ending with (4 and 9) : Cyclicity of 4 and 9
is 2. It means their unit digit repeats after every 2
powers. So we can say

4^Odd = 4 at unit place

4^ Even = 6 at unit place

9^Odd = 9 at unit place

9^ Even = 1 at unit place
3. Numbers ending with (2,3,7,8) : All numbers have
cyclicity of 4, it means after every 4th power the unit digit
pattern will be same.

In these type of questions we will divide the power by

cyclicity (i.e. 4) so that we will know how many cycles
have been completed and we will try to find remainder.
And unit digit will be (2,3,7,8)^Rem

Note: If remainder is zero then we take highest power of

that cycle which is 4. or we can say (2,3,7,8)^4
Choose the nth value in the cycle if the remainder is n except for
the last value whose remainder should be 0.
Example 2: What is the unit digit of (123)^42?

The unit digit pattern of 3 repeats four times. So find

How to find whether a no is Prime or not
the remainder when the power value is divided by 4.
42/4= R(2)
2nd value in 3 cycle is 9.
∴ Unit digit of (123)^42 is 9
 
 
Q) What is the unit digit of (127)^223
 4. Remainder theorem
Type 1: Numerator in terms of powers

The remainder pattern should be found starting from the

power of 1. The same procedure should be followed as done
in the unit digit concept.
Example: What is the remainder when 2^202 is divided by 7?

2^1/7 = R(2)
2^2/7= R(4)
2^3/7 = R(1)

The next three remainder values will be the same. i.e., The remainder pattern is
2,4,1, 2,4,1, 2,4,1.....
The size of the pattern is 3.
Now divide the power by number of repeating values (3) to choose the
remainder.
Choose the nth value in the cycle if the remainder is n except for the last value
whose remainder should be 0.
202/3 = R(1).
The 1st value in the cycle is 2.

Note: While finding the remainder pattern if the remainder becomes 1, then the
process can be stopped as the it will always repeat after 1.
∴ 2^202/7 = R(2)
Note: While finding the remainder pattern if the remainder
becomes 1, then the process can be stopped as the it will
always repeat after 1.
Type 2: Different numerator values

Replace each of the values of the numerator by its remainder when

divided by the denominator and simplify.

Example: What is the remainder when 13 x 14 x 16 is divided by 6.

13/6 = R(1) ∴ replace 13 by 1

Similarly replace 14 and 16 by 2 and 4 respectively.
∴ (13 x 14 x 16)/6 = (1 x 2 x 4)/6
= 8/6
= R(2)
Note: Do not cancel any numerator value with the
denominator value as the remainder will differ.

R(6/4) ≠ R(3/2)
6/4 = R(2)
But 3/2 = R(1)
Q) What is the remainder when 3 to the power 7 is divided
by 8?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)7
E)none
Q) Remainder when 17^23 is divided by 16?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
 5. Factors
Factors of a number are the values that divides the number
completely.

Example: Factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10.

Multiple of a number is the product of that number and any

other whole number.

Example: multiples of 10 are 10, 20, 30,…..

 5.i) Number of factors:
 Example: 3600

 Step 1: Prime factorize the given number

 3600 = 36 x 100
 = 6^2 x 10^2
 = 2^2 x 3^2 x 2^2 x 5^2
 = 2^4 x 3^2 x 5^2

 Step 2: Add 1 to the powers and multiply.

 (4+1) x (2+1) x (2+1)
 =5x3x3
 = 45
 ∴ Number of factors of 3600 is 45.
Q) Find the number of factors of 14400?
5.ii) Sum of factors:

Example: 45

Step 1: Prime factorize the given number

45 = 3^2 x 5^1

Step 2: Split each prime factor as sum of every distinct

factors.
(3^0 + 3^1 + 3^2) x (5^0 + 5^1)
The following result will be the sum of the factors
= 78
 The number of ways of writing a number as a product of
two number  = [(p+1).(q+1).(r+1)...]/2

 Example:
Find no. of ways of writing 140 as a product of two numbers
The prime factorization of 140 = 2^2×5×7
number of ways = (3*2*2)/2 = 6

 The number of ways of writing a number N as a product of

two co-prime numbers = 2^(n−1) 
where n=the number of prime factors of a number.

 Example:
The prime factorization of 60 = 2^2×3×5
The no of ways of writing 60 as a product of two co - primes
= 2^(3−1) = 4
Factors will occur in pairs for the numbers except
perfect squares.

Example 1: A non perfect square number- 10

1 x 10 = 10
2 x 5 = 10
‘∴ Factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10.

Non perfect squares will have even number of factors

Example 2: A perfect square number- 16

1 x 16 = 16
2 x 8 = 16
4^2 = 16
∴ Factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.

Every perfect square will have odd number of factors

because its square root number will pair with itself.

This has odd number of factors because 4 will pair with itself.

Every perfect square will have odd number of factors

because its square root number will pair with itself.
Example 3: A prime square number- 49
 
The factors of 49 are 1, 7 and 49.

Prime square number will have exactly 3 factors (1, that

number itself and square root of that number).

If N is a prime square number then the factors are 1, N

and √N.
Q) If 11^2, 3^4 and 2^5 are the factors of a x 12^7 x
17^6 x 21^5 then what is the minimum possible
value of a?
Number of Trailing Zeroes
Number of trailing zeroes in a Product or
Expression

Number of trailing zeroes is going to be the power of 2 or 5,

whichever is lesser.

Or maximum pairs of (2 x 5)

Example: Find the number of zeros in 2150 x 5234  x 3160 

Number of trailing zeroes in a factorial
(n!)

• Number of trailing zeroes in n! = Highest power of

5 in n!

Example: Find the number of Zeroes in 50!

Q. How many zeros are there in 100!?

a) 24 b) 97 c) 121 d) none
 6. HCF & LCM
•The greatest number that will exactly divide a, b and c is HCF(a, b, c).
•The greatest number that will divide a, b and c leaving remainder of x, y
and z respectively is HCF(a-x, b-y, c-z).

•The greatest remainder which when it divides a, b and c will leave the
same remainder in each case is HCF(a-b, b-c, c-a).

•The least number which is exactly divisible by a, b and c is LCM(a, b,

c).

•The least number which when divided by a, b and c leaves the same
reminder r in each case is LCM(a, b, c) + r.

•The least number which when divided by a, b and c leaves the

remainder x, y and z respectively is LCM(a, b, c) – K.
This is possible only if a-x = b-y = c-z = K.
FINDING THE H.C.F. OF BIG NUMBERS

For larger numbers you can use the following method:

Step 1 Find all prime factors of both numbers.

Step 2 Write both numbers as a multiplication of prime

numbers.

Step 3 Find which factors are repeating in both numbers and

multiply them to get  H.C.F
FINDING L.C.M. OF BIG NUMBERS

Step 1 Find all the prime factors of both numbers.

Step 2 Multiply all the prime factors of the larger number by

those prime factors of the smaller number that are not already
included
Important formulae:
Q) Four bells ring at an interval 3min, 4min, 5min and 6 minutes
respectively. If all the four bells ring at 9am first, when will it
ring again?
Q) The H.C.F. of two numbers is 11 and their L.C.M. is 7700. If one of the
numbers is 275, then the other is:

A)308
B)310
C)312
D)None
Q) The H.C.F of 9/10, 12/25, 18/35, and 21/40 is?

A)3/1400
B)5/1400
C)7/1400
D)None
Q) Which of the following fraction is the largest? 7/8,
13/16, 31/40, 63/80

A)7/8
B)13/16
C)31/40
D)6380
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
An Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) is a sequence in which the
difference between any two consecutive terms is constant.

Let a = first term, d = common difference

 Then nth term

Sum of an A.P
AM (Arithmetic mean)

If a, b, c are in AP then the arithmetic mean is given by

b = (a+c)/2
Inserting AM
To insert k means between a and b the formula for common difference is given by
d = (b-a) / (k+1)

For example: Insert 4 AM’s between 4 and 34

d= (34 - 4) / (4+1)
= 30/5
=6
∴ The means are 4+6=10
10+6=16
16+6=22
22+6=28
Q) Find the sum of the series 5,8,11,…….. 221
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
A geometric sequence are powers rk of a fixed number r,
such as 2k and 3k. The general form of a geometric
sequence is

Sum=
GM ( Geometric mean)

If a, b, c are in GP Then the GM is given by

b = √ac
Inserting GM

To insert k means between a and b the formula for common ratio is given by
r = (b/a)^(1/(k+1))

For example: Insert 4 GM’s between 2 and 486

r = (486/2)^(1/(4+1))
= (243)^(1/5)
=3
∴ the means are 2x3 = 6
6x3 = 18
18x3 = 54
54x3 = 162
Q) Find the sum of the series 2, 4, 8, 16…. 256.
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