Definition of Terms
Mr. Jeremy James Sim
Definition of Terms
• Short activity:
– Open your textbooks and look for the
definitions of the following: (Winner
wins nothing but happiness)
• Research
• Research ethics
• Qualitative Research
• Research topic
• Significance of the Study
• Literature Review
Definition of Terms
• NOT dictionary definitions
• Define your major/significant key
concepts in your Statement of the
Problem
• Definitions from credible sources
(cite them)
Lesson C
Mr.
Jeremy
James
Sim
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#KapitLangMgaBes
#WalangAayaw
#Tiwala
#HaveFaith
#TrustGod
Source: 大專生企業人才培訓營
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What do these have in common?
• A brand new car!
• A brand new phone!
• A brand newManual/Gu
appliance.
• A toy purchased ide!!!
that requires
assembling.
• Tour itinerary.
Sample Conceptual Framework
Sample Conceptual Framework
Framework
• “A set of ideas that provide
support to something” (Merriam-
Webster, n.d.)
• Building blocks for the foundation
of the study.
Theoretical Framework
• General frame of reference
used for making observations,
defining concepts, developing
research designs, and
interpreting and generalized
findings.
Conceptual Framework
• Refers to a system of ideas,
beliefs, assumptions, and
theories that inform and
support and cater
specifically to your study.
Similarities
• Provide comprehensive understanding of a
phenomenon.
• Explain a theory that guides the study.
• Justify your research methods and assumptions.
• Help you refine your objectives, develop
relevant research questions, choose appropriate
research methods, identify possible threats to
the validity of data.
• Guide you in exploring and interpreting data.
Theoretical Conceptual
Scope Broader and can be More focused in scope as it
used in diff studies directly relates to a specific
study
Focus of A particular theory A set of related concepts
Content that will be specifically used
in the study
Number of 1 theory in 1 May combine diff theories
Theories framework into 1 cohesive framework
Time of Already existing Developed while planning
Development prior to the conduct and writing a specific
of the study research
Theoretical Framework
• Formulated from existing theories and
serves as the foundation of the study.
• YOUR study can adopt the original
model used by the cited theorist but
you can modify different variables
depending on your study using the
whole theory.
Conceptual Framework
• Offers the rationale and fundamental basis of
the entire research.
• Represents the interrelationships of theories,
principles, and beliefs that are essential to
the investigation of the present problem.
• “explains either graphically or in narrative
form, the main things to be studied – the key
factors, concepts or variables and the
presumed relationship among them.”
What is Theory?
• Greek word theoria – “vision”
• Singh (2009)- non-observable construct
that is inferred from observable facts and
events that are thought to have an effect
on the phenomenon under study and is
primarily concerned w/ determining
cause-effect relationships among
variables.
What is Theory?
• According to Kerlinger:
– “… a set of interrelated constructs (concepts),
definitions, and propositions that presents a
systematic view of phenomena by specifying
relations among variables…”
– Purpose: explaining and predicting the
phenomena.
– Researcher must be able to identify the
relevant theories and principles from existing
lit theoretical underpinning of the study.
What is Theory?
• Simplication of the work, but one
that aims to clarify or explain some
aspect of how the world works.
• Something to be tested and
explored, not determinative.
Selecting Your Theoretical Framework
• Understand the variables included in your study
and their relationships
• Review existing lit related to your research topic
• Look for possible theories that may potentially
account for the expected results of your research
topic.
• Select 1 theory that is most relevant to your study
and can provide a blueprint for your research.
In discussing relevant theories…
• 1.) Name(s) of author(s)
• 2.) Title(s) of their theory(ies)
• 3.) Theoretical statement or principles
• 4.) Explanation of the theoretical
statement
• 5.) Relationship of the theory to the
present study (aka your research)
IPO (input-process-output) model
• Used when the researcher seeks
to discuss a factor or a major
variable that causes a problem,
phenomenon, or transformation
in the subject.
IPO (input-process-output) model
• Input
– Variables that causes the problem, phenomenon,
or transformation
– E.g. Profile of entrepreneurs: age, sex, seminars
– Roles of entrepreneurs: assessment, planning,
implementation, evaluation
– Specimen collection
– Performance
IPO (input-process-output) model
• Process
– Method by w/c the variables are
collected and synthesized
– E.g. Analysis of data through:
questionnaires, informal interviews,
stats and scientific treatment
IPO (input-process-output) model
• Output
– The problem, phenomenon, or
transformation; the outcome of the
variables
– E.g. Improved role of entrepreneurs
– Higher returns
– Better quality of services
Conceptual Framework in Quali
• Conceptual framework develops
as participants’ views and issues
are gathered and analyzed.
• Evaluation of the research: Revisit
conceptual framework.
Developing your Conceptual Framework
• Identify key concepts – referring toy our research
questions and objectives.
• Search for existing theories that incorporate same
concepts and look at their relationships.
• Using existing theories as guide, plot CF using
concept map.
• In case some concepts are not covered by
selected theories, incorporate them into your
framework. Make sure that you are incorporating
concept b/c it’s necessary for your paper.
Developing your Conceptual Framework
• Write a narrative explanation of each
concept and how each of them relates w/
one another. There should be a basis for the
relationship among the concepts being
incorporated.
• Check if CF is aligned with research
questions.
• Developmental. It may still be refined or
changed as you read more lit and look into
more theories.
Developing your conceptual framework
• Experiential knowledge
– Technical knowledge
– Research background
– Personal experience
– Data (particularly quali)
• Related Lit
– “Related” theory: concepts/relationships that are used
to represent the world, what is happening and why.
– “Related” research: how people have tackled ‘similar’
problems and what they learned.
– Other theory and research- investigation and theory that
are not obviously relevant/previously used.
Procedure of conceptual framework analysis
• 1.) Mapping the selected data sources
• 2.) Extensive reading and categorizing of the selected
data
• 3.) Identifying and naming concepts
• 4.) Deconstructing and categorizing the concepts
• 5.) Integrating concepts
• 6.) Synthesis, resynthesis, and making it all make sense.
• 7.) Validating the conceptual framework
• 8.) Rethinking the conceptual framework
General forms
• Process frameworks
– Set out stages through which an action
moves from initiation to conclusion. “How”
question.
• Content frameworks
– Set out variables, and possibly the
relationship between them, answer the
“why” question.
Specific forms
• Flow charts
• Tree diagrams
• Shape based diagrams – triangles,
overlapping circles
• Mind maps
• Soft systems
Usefulness
• Conceptual frameworks provide researchers with:
– Ability to move beyond descriptions of ‘what’ to
explanations of ‘why’ and ‘how”.
– Explanation set used to define and make sense of the
data that flow from the research question.
– Filtering tool selecting appropriate research questions
and related data collection methods.
– Reference point/structure (discussion of the lit,
methodology, and results)
– Boundaries of the work
Limitations
• Initial bias- Is influenced by the
experience and knowledge of the
individual.
• Ongoing bias- influence the researcher’s
thinking and may result in some things
being given prominence and others being
ignored.
Sample Conceptual Framework
Sample Conceptual Framework
Sample Conceptual Framework
Sources and References
• Edralin, Divina M. Business Research: Concepts and
Applications 3rd ed. Manila: De La Salle University
Press: 2006.
• Jabareen, Yosef. “Building a Conceptual Framework:
Philosophy, Definitions, and Procedure.”
International Journal of Qualitative Methods 8 (4),
2009.
• Vaughan, Roger. Conceptual Framework.
Bournemouth University powerpoint presentation.
May 29 2008. Date accessed Sept. 4, 2016.
Photo sources
• http://previews.123rf.com/images/radiantskies/radiantski
es1301/radiantskies130100254/17149292-Abstract-word-
cloud-for-Conceptual-framework-with-related-tags-and-te
rms-Stock-
Photo.jpg
• http://www.ncscps.org/img/conceptual-framework-v2.jpg
• http://www.aicpa.org/InterestAreas/ProfessionalEthics/P
ublishingImages/
Conceptual_Framework_Sm.jpg
• https://stemeducation.nd.edu/images/Page_Images/Abo
ut/
conceptual_framework.png
• http://www.vcsu.edu/cmsfiles/145/feedback_rx6_orig.jpg
Activityyy
• Go to your groups
• As a group, try to come up with a conceptual
framework that you will use for your group
paper.
