Dowell
UTC
Introduction to Hydraulics
Module CT02
CT02
1
Dowell
Objective
In this module, you will learn :
CTU Hydraulic systems.
Advantage of hydraulic systems.
Principal and operation of hydraulic circuits.
Operation and application for each basic component.
CT02
2
Dowell
CTU Hydraulic Pumps
Pump Circuit Pressure Pump Flow Rate
(PSI) (GPM)
Injector - 1 3,000 30
Injector - 2 3,000 60
Reel 2,500 16
Level Wind 2,500 30
(Override)
BOP’s 3,000 12
Priority 2,000 12
Aux. 3,000 30
CT02
3
Dowell
What is ‘Hydraulics’ ?
Hydraulics is the study of devices that use the pressure in
a confined fluid to generate, transmit, and control power.
A device that uses the impact or kinetic energy in a liquid to
transmit power is a ‘hydrodynamic’ device. e.g the water-wheel
(Pelton turbine)
A device operated by the force applied to a confined liquid is a
‘hydrostatic’ device. (eg. a hydraulic car-jack)
CT02
4
Dowell
Fundamentals
Pascal’s Law
Pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in
all directions, and acts with equal force on equal areas, and at right
angles to them.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Bernoulli’s principle
If the flow rate is constant, the sums of the kinetic energy and
pressure energy at various points in a system are constant.
CT02
5
Dowell
Mechanical Advantage
800 lbs
100 lbs
1 sq. in. 8 sq. in.
100 lbs 800 lbs
8 ft 1 ft
CT02
6
Dowell
Advantages of Hydraulic Systems
Variable speed
Reversible
Overload protection / stalling
High bhp/kg ratios
Reliability and ease of maintenance
Flexibility of placement
CT02
7
Dowell
Hydraulic Fluid
Transmits power
Low viscosity - hence low friction.
Incompressible
Lubricates
All hydraulic components internally lubricated
Seals
Metal-to-meal seals work because of close tolerances and
viscosity of hydraulic oil.
Cools
And...
Additional properties such as resistance to foaming, protection
against rust and oxidation
CT02
8
Dowell
Viscosity
Viscosity is the measure of the fluid’s resistance to flow.
A high viscosity is desirable for maintaining seal between
mating surfaces. But...
Too high a viscosity will lead to high friction, increased power
losses, higher operating temperatures.
Too low a viscosity will cause increased internal leakage, lower
pump efficiency, and possible breakdown of oil under heavy loads.
Typical hydraulic grades - ISO32, or SAE10W
CT02
9
Dowell
Symbols
energy triangle pointing out energy triennial points in
showing the pump as a source the motor receives energy
two triangles show that the two triangles denote the
pump can operate in reverse motor is reversible
CT02
10
Dowell
Symbols
A pilot line operates a valve
or other controls Pressure line is a
working line
Pump Motor
Relief valve
Reservoir
CT02
11
Dowell
Symbols
Hydraulic Rams
Piston Rod
Single Acting Cylinder Double Acting Cylinder
CT02
12
Dowell
Symbols
IN Pilot Line denotes
operation by pressure
Arrow indicates
adjustable Arrow showes flow path
OUT
and direction
Relief valve (Infinite Positioning)
CT02
13
Dowell
Symbols
Port Connections are
drawn to center or neutral
position Arrows show flow
path and direction
Three envolopes means
the valve has three positions
Directional Valve (Finite Positioning)
CT02
14
Dowell
Symbols
Horizontal bars
indicates infinite
positioning ability
Directional Valve (Infinite Positioning)
CT02
15
Dowell
Check Valve
IN OUT
CT02
16
Dowell
2 Way Spool Valve
A B
P T
A B A B
Pr to “B” Pr to “A”
“A” Blocked “B” Blocked
CT02
17
Dowell
4 Way Spool Valve
A B
P T
A B A B
Pr to “B” Pr to “A”
“A” to tank “B” to tank
CT02
18
Dowell
Direct Acting Relief Valve
CT02
19
Dowell
Balanced Piston Relief Valve
CT02
20
Dowell
Pilot-operated pr.-reducing valve
CT02
21
Dowell
Unloading Valve
CT02
22
Dowell
Counter Balance Valve
CT02
23
Dowell
Vanes
the force acting on the vane pressure on this vane
creates a torque on the shaft gives rise to a force
system pressure
Drive shaft Rotor
CT02
24
Dowell
Vane Motor - Unbalanced
CT02
25
Dowell
Vane Motor - Balanced
CT02
26
Dowell
In-Line Pistons Motor
cylinder block pistons swash plate
oil under pressure
at the inlet... shoe retainer plate drive shaft
CT02
27
Dowell
Vane Pump
CT02
28
Dowell
Vane Pump - Contd...
CT02
29
Dowell
Gear Pump
CT02
30
Dowell
Lobe Pump
CT02
31
Dowell
Radial Pistons Motor
CT02
32
Dowell
Reservoir
Stores and supplies hydraulic fluid
Size (gal) > 2xpump(gpm) < 3xpump(gpm)
Allows oil to cool
Baffle plate enhances cooling, prevents turbulence
Conditions hydraulic fluid
Allows contaminants to settle down
Allows entrained air to escape
CT02
33
Dowell
