DISASTERS AND DISASTER RISK
PREPARED BY: MS. CHARISSE JOY B. ARCA
DISASTER
Originated from the French word “desastre” which is
a combination of the word “des” meaning bad and
“aster” meaning star. From this, it can be inferred that
disaster literally means bad star.
Is a serious and tragic event that causes loss of lives,
human suffering, and great damages to properties
and environment.
HAZARD
Pertains to a dangerous phenomenon that
may cause loss of lives and negatively affect
social, economic, and environmental
concerns.
Hazards do not have to turn into
disasters. To break the vicious cycle of
"Disaster, repond, recover, repeat.", we
need a better understanding of disaster
risk, in all its dimensions.
DISASTER RISK
Disaster risk is the potential loss in lives,
health status, livelihoods, and various
assets which are often challenging to
quantify.
HAZARD EXPOSURE
Population and
Waves, storms, infrastructure situated in
erosion, sea level rise low-lying coastal areas.
RISK
Involve the exposure of large number
of people in a specific geographic
INTENSIVE RISK area to extreme events that involves
high mortality rate and asset loss.
The exposure of dispersed
EXTENSIVE RISK populations to various hazards of low
to moderate intensity.
Include events such as earthquake,
ACUTE ONSET flood, hurricane or typhoon,
tornado, fire, tsunami.
Disasters with a slow or gradual
SLOW ONSET onset include drought, famine, and
deforestation.
Identify the following phenomenon as to Biological
hazard, Geologic hazard, or Hydrometeorological hazard
1. Ground shaking Geologic hazard
2. Tornado Hydrometeorological hazard
3. Tsunami Geologic/Hydrometeorological
hazard
4. Corona Virus Biological hazard
5. Flood Hydrometeorological hazard
NATURAL HAZARDS
1. Biological hazard
2. Geologic hazard
3. Hydrometeorological hazard
Linked to an organic origin caused by exposure
of living organisms to toxic substances.
Biological hazard
Ex: epidemic diseases and viral infection.
Events that originated in solid ground count as
major precursor.
Geologic hazard
Ex: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
Involve phenomena that are of atmospheric,
Hydrometeorological hydrological or oceanographic nature.
hazard Ex: typhoons, tornadoes, floods
HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS
This kind of hazard sprouts from
technological or industrial conditions which
include infrastructure failures or specific
human activities.
Ex: transport accidents, chemical spills
This refers to people and properties that are
EXPOSURE affected by hazards.
This is the degree to which a certain community
SENSITIVITY can be affected by hazards.
It is the ability of an individual or community to
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY withstand and adapt to continuous
environmental changes.
Explains how people and the differences among
VULNERABILITY them contribute to the situation or context
wherein they operate.
IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
1. Social impacts
2. Economic impacts
3. Environmental impacts
EARTHQUAKE
SEISMOLOGY
Comes from the Greek word “seismos”
which means earthquake.
Is the study of earthquakes.
EARTHQUAKE
Commonly described as the shaking of the
ground.
Occur because of the pressure released due
to the movement of earth’s plates.
SEISMIC WAVES
Are vibrations generated by a sudden impulse
in the earth such as earthquakes.
Two Types
1. Surface waves
2. Body waves
SURFACE WAVES
Travel along Earth’s outer layer
A. Rayleigh waves
B. Love waves
BODY WAVES
Travel through Earth’s interior.
A. P-waves
B. S-waves
SEISMOGRAPH
Instrument that record earthquake waves
FAULT
Is a fracture or break in Earth’s crust where
earthquakes most likely to occur repeatedly.
3 Major Types of Faults
Dip-slip fault
Strike-slip fault
Oblique slip fault
ACTIVE FAULTS
Are known to have recently generated
earthquakes within the last 10 000 years, which
may still continue to generate earthquakes.
INACTIVE FAULTS
Do not show signs of ever having generated an
earthquake in the last 10 000 but may possibly
still generate an earthquake in the future.
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES
Tectonic earthquake Caused by abrupt movement of earth
along faults.
Plutonic earthquake Has a deep focus of around 300 – 800 km.
Volcanic earthquake Happens because of volcanic eruption.
Earthquake-related hazards
Can cause the most damage during an
Ground shaking
earthquake.
A process in which soft and sandy soils can
Liquefaction
behave like a fluid.
Earthquake-related hazards
Is an offset of the ground surface when
Surface rupture fault rupture extends to the earth’s surface.
Earthquake-related hazards
Is a huge series of waves generated by
Tsunamis and Seiches earthquake. Seiches are described as
small tsunamis that often occur on lakes.
Earthquake-related hazards
Can be found on areas where rocks
Sinkholes below the land are composed mostly of
limestone.
Earthquake-related hazards
Because of shaking of the ground, cliffs
Landslides and rock falls and steep longing areas tend to collapse
causing landslides.
Earthquake-related hazards
Subsidence is the phenomenon in which the
Subsidence and lateral ground surface is lowered. Lateral spreading
spreading occurs when the sloping ground goes
downhill, opening cracks on the ground.
Earthquake-related hazards
Fires often follow after an earthquake
Fire because of knocked down power lines
and broken gas lines.
Earthquake Readiness
Emergency supply kit:
• Medications, first-aid kit, doctors’ names and contact
information
• Sturdy shoes, clothes, and blanket
• Cash
• Flashlight, extra batteries, and light bulbs
• Bottled water
• Protein bars and easy-to-open canned goods
Earthquake Readiness
Make an earthquake preparedness plan.
Discuss earthquake preparedness plan with you family.
Secure hazards
Learn about earthquake risk in your area.
Practice drop, cover, and hold-on drill.
Protect your properties.
VOLCANO HAZARDS
VOLCANO
Is an opening or vent on the earth’s surface where molten rocks,
gases, and ashes are ejected.
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
How is it formed?
How do volcanoes form?
Samoa is composed of a linear chain of volcanic islands situated
atop the Pacific tectonic plate. Samoa is an example of one of at
least 28 plume-fed volcanic hotspots are suggested to exist on
the Earth’s surface
Kinds of Volcanic
Materials
LAVA
IGNEOUS ROCK
VOLCANIC FRAGMENTS
GAS
Kinds of Volcanic
Materials
The name for magma that has
LAVA escaped onto the earth’s
surface.
Highly fluid lava flows rapidly
down a volcano’s slope and
hardens into smooth, folded
sheets of rock called pahoehoe.
Kinds of Volcanic
Materials
IGNEOUS ROCK “fire-formed rocks”
Kinds of Volcanic
Materials
VOLCANIC FRAGMENTS Pyroclastics “fire-broken”
Kinds of Volcanic
Materials
Made up chiefly of steam which also
GAS
includes carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur
dioxide, and other gases.
2 Basic kinds of Volcanic Eruptions
QUITE ERUPTION Liquid lava flows out of a volcano’s
vent.
Thin, watery basaltic lava tends to
flow quietly out of the vent.
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION Lava is violently blown out of the
volcano.
Thick, pasty granitic lava containing
much dissolved gas tends to erupt
violently.
Different types of Volcanoes
CINDER CONES
Considered as the simplest type of
volcanoes.
Formed from lava particles emitted
in a vent.
SHIELD CONES
Created because of the continuous
lava flows coming from the vents.
COMPOSITE CONES
Known as “stratovolcanoes”, this type of volcanoes are of ten
steep-sided and the cones are closely symmetrical.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
ACTIVE VOLCANO Has at least one eruption within the
last 10,000 years.
DORMANT VOLCANO Has not erupted within the last
10,000 years.
Has not had an eruption within historic
EXTINCT VOLCANO times and is not expected to erupt
again in a comparable time scale of the
future.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
LAVA FLOW
Is not a major threat to human
lives because of its slow rate of
movement.
Can cause several damages
including fire threat, destruction
of infrastructures, and
vegetation.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
PYROCLASTIC FLOW AND SURGES
Pyroclastic flow is
composed of rock
material, hot gas, and
ash that move above
ground surface at
high velocities.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
GAS EMISSIONS
Active and inactive volcanoes
may release gases to the
atmosphere in the form of
water vapour, hydrogen
sulphide, sulphur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, hydrogen
chloride, and hydrogen
fluoride.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
ASHFALL
Volcanic ash is made up
of rock, mineral, and
fragments created
during explosion and
separation of magma
into smaller pieces.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
TEPHRA FALLS AND BALLISTIC
PROJECTILE
Tephra refers to fragments
of volcanic rock ejected
into air by explosion.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
LAHAR
Lahar is flowing mixtures of
volcanic debris and water.
It is formed due to pyroclastic
flow mixed with water, snow
mixed with debris, and rainfall
on ash.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
DEBRIS AVALANCHE
It is typically a landslide that
was triggered by intrusion of
magma, earthquakes, heavy
rainfall, or explosion from
volcanoes.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANIC TSUNAMIS
Tsunami is a series
of high water waves
triggered by
disruption of the
seafloor.
Signs of an impending volcanic eruption
Increase in volume and temperature of gas composition.
Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes.
Steam emission changes from white to gray.
Appearance of fractures of the sides of volcano.
Continuous increase in the temperature of hot springs and wells and
lakes of craters near the volcano.
Variation on the chemical content of springs and crater lakes
around the volcano.
ALERT SYSTEMS
Alert level 0 No alert.
Abnormality observed. There is low seismic activity
Alert level 1 and no imminent eruption.
Alert level 2 There is an increasing unrest. Moderate levels of
seismic activity.
Alert level 3 There is an increasing tendency towards eruption.
Relatively high and increasing unrest is recorded.
Alert level 4 Hazardous eruption is imminent. There is intense
unrest and possible eruption within 24 hours.
Alert level 5 Hazardous eruption is in progress.
DISASTER READINESS
Make a detailed emergency plan.
Arrange an emergency supply kit.
Store important documents in waterproof
container or resealable plastic bag.
Develop a communication mechanism.
Monitor news updates and coordinate with local authorities.
Strengthen roofs of house.
DISASTER RECOVERY
Assessment and mapping of risks and hazards.
Strengthening infrastructure systems.
Public awareness, education, and training.
