Chapter 17 Binary I/O

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 Motivations
Data stored in a text file is represented in human-readable
form. Data stored in a binary file is represented in binary
form. You cannot read binary files. They are designed to
be read by programs. For example, Java source programs
are stored in text files and can be read by a text editor, but
Java classes are stored in binary files and are read by the
JVM. The advantage of binary files is that they are more
efficient to process than text files.

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 Objectives
 To discover how I/O is processed in Java (§17.2).
 To distinguish between text I/O and binary I/O (§17.3).
 To read and write bytes using FileInputStream and FileOutputStream
(§17.4.1).
 To read and write primitive values and strings using
DataInputStream/DataOutputStream (§17.4.3).
 To store and restore objects using ObjectOutputStream and
ObjectInputStream, and to understand how objects are serialized and what
kind of objects can be serialized (§17.6).
 To implement the Serializable interface to make objects serializable (§17.6.1).
 To serialize arrays (§17.6.2).
 To read and write the same file using the RandomAccessFile class (§17.7).

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 How is I/O Handled in Java?
A File object encapsulates the properties of a file or a path, but does not
contain the methods for reading/writing data from/to a file. In order to
perform I/O, you need to create objects using appropriate Java I/O classes.
Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("temp.txt"));
System.out.println(input.nextLine());

Program
Input stream
Input object
created from an 01011…1001 File
input class

Output object
created from an 11001…1011
File
output class
Output stream

PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter("temp.txt");

output.println("Java 101");
output.close();
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 Text File vs. Binary File
 You can imagine that a text file consists of a
sequence of characters and a binary file consists of a
sequence of bits.
 For example, the decimal integer 12 is stored as the
sequence of two characters: '1', ‘2' in a text file and
the same integer is stored as a byte-type value
00001100 in a binary file, because decimal 12 equals
to binary 00001100.

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 Binary I/O
Text I/O requires encoding and decoding. The JVM converts a
Unicode to a file specific encoding when writing a character and
coverts a file specific encoding to a Unicode when reading a
character. Binary I/O does not require conversions. When you write
a byte to a file, the original byte is copied into the file. When you
read a byte from a file, the exact byte in the file is returned.

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 Binary I/O Classes

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 Binary I/O Classes
 All the methods in the binary I/O classes
are declared to throw java.io.IOException
or a subclass of java.io.IOException.
 Therefore, you have to declare to throw
java.io.IOException in the method, or place
the code in a try-catch block.

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 InputStream
The value returned is a byte as an int type.

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 OutputStream

The value is a byte as an int type.

java.io.OutputStream

+write(int b): void Writes the specified byte to this output stream. The parameter b is an int value.
(byte)b is written to the output stream.
+write(b: byte[]): void Writes all the bytes in array b to the output stream.
+write(b: byte[], off: int, Writes b[off], b[off+1], …, b[off+len-1] into the output stream.
len: int): void
+close(): void Closes this output stream and releases any system resources associated with the
stream.
+flush(): void Flushes this output stream and forces any buffered output bytes to be written out.

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 FileInputStream/FileOutputStream
FileInputStream
DataInputStream
InputStream FilterInputStream
BufferedInputStream
ObjectInputStream
Object
FileOutputStream BufferedOutputStream

OutputStream FilterOutputStream DataOutputStream

ObjectOutputStream PrintStream

FileInputStream/FileOutputStream associates a
binary input/output stream with an external file. All
the methods in FileInputStream/FileOuptputStream
are inherited from its superclasses.

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 FileInputStream
To construct a FileInputStream, use the following
constructors:
public FileInputStream(String filename)
public FileInputStream(File file)

A java.io.FileNotFoundException would occur if you attempt to

create a FileInputStream with a nonexistent file.

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 FileOutputStream
To construct a FileOutputStream, use the following constructors:

public FileOutputStream(String filename)

public FileOutputStream(File file)
public FileOutputStream(String filename, boolean append)
public FileOutputStream(File file, boolean append)
  
If the file does not exist, a new file would be created. If the file
already exists, the first two constructors would delete the current
contents in the file. To retain the current content and append new data
into the file, use the last two constructors by passing true to the
append parameter.

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public class TestFileStream {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
try (
// Create an output stream to the file
FileOutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("temp.dat");
){
// Output values to the file
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
output.write(i);
try with
}
resources
try (
// Create an input stream for the file
FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream("temp.dat");
){
// Read values from the file
int value;
while ((value = input.read()) != -1)
System.out.print(value + " "); TestFileStream
}
}
}
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FilterInputStream/FilterOutputStream
FileInputStream
DataInputStream
InputStream FilterInputStream
BufferedInputStream
ObjectInputStream
Object
FileOutputStream BufferedOutputStream

OutputStream FilterOutputStream DataOutputStream

ObjectOutputStream PrintStream

Filter streams are streams that filter bytes for some purpose. The basic byte input
stream provides a read method that can only be used for reading bytes. If you want to
read integers, doubles, or strings, you need a filter class to wrap the byte input stream.
Using a filter class enables you to read integers, doubles, and strings instead of bytes
and characters. FilterInputStream and FilterOutputStream are the base classes for
filtering data. When you need to process primitive numeric types, use DatInputStream
and DataOutputStream to filter bytes.
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DataInputStream/DataOutputStream
DataInputStream reads bytes from the stream
and converts them into appropriate primitive
type values or strings.

FileInputStream
DataInputStream
InputStream FilterInputStream
BufferedInputStream
ObjectInputStream
Object
FileOutputStream BufferedOutputStream

OutputStream FilterOutputStream DataOutputStream

ObjectOutputStream PrintStream

DataOutputStream converts primitive type values

or strings into bytes and output the bytes to the
stream.
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 DataInputStream
DataInputStream extends FilterInputStream and implements the
DataInput interface.

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 DataOutputStream
DataOutputStream extends FilterOutputStream and implements the
DataOutput interface.

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Characters and Strings in Binary I/O
 A Unicode character consists of two bytes.
 The writeChar(char c) method writes the Unicode of
character c to the output.
 The writeChars(String s) method writes the Unicode for
each character in the string s to the output.
 The writeBytes(String s) method writes the lower byte of
the Unicode for each character in the string s to the output.
The high byte of the Unicode is discarded.
– This method is suitable for strings that consisit of ASCII
characters, since an ASCII code is stored only in the lower byte of
a Unicode.

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 Strings in Binary I/O
 The readUTF() method reads a string using the UTF
format.
 The writeUTF() method writes a string in the UTF format.

Why UTF? What is UTF?

 UTF (Unicode Text Format) is a coding scheme that
allows systems to operate with both ASCII and Unicode
efficiently.
 Most operating systems use ASCII. Java uses Unicode.
The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode
character set.

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 Strings in Binary I/O
 Since most applications need only the ASCII
character set, it is a waste to represent an 8-bit
ASCII character as a 16-bit Unicode character.
 The UTF is an alternative scheme that stores a
character using 1, 2, or 3 bytes.
 ASCII values (less than 0x7F) are coded in one
byte. Unicode values less than 0x7FF are coded in
two bytes. Other Unicode values are coded in
three bytes.

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 Using DataInputStream/DataOutputStream
Data streams are used as wrappers on existing input and output
streams to filter data in the original stream. They are created using the
following constructors:
public DataInputStream(InputStream instream)
public DataOutputStream(OutputStream outstream)
 
The statements given below create data streams. The first statement
creates an input stream for file in.dat; the second statement creates an
output stream for file out.dat.
DataInputStream infile =
new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("in.dat"));
DataOutputStream outfile =
new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("out.dat"));

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public class TestDataStream {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
try ( // Create an output stream for file temp.dat
DataOutputStream output =
new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("temp.dat"));
){
// Write student test scores to the file
output.writeUTF("John");
output.writeDouble(85.5);
output.writeUTF("Jim");
output.writeDouble(185.5);
output.writeUTF("George");
output.writeDouble(105.25);
}

try ( // Create an input stream for file temp.dat

DataInputStream input =
new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("temp.dat"));
){
// Read student test scores from the file TestDataStream
System.out.println(input.readUTF() + " " + input.readDouble());
System.out.println(input.readUTF() + " " + input.readDouble());
System.out.println(input.readUTF() + " " + input.readDouble());
}
}
}
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 Using DataInputStream/DataOutputStream

 DataInputStream/DataOutputStream read and

write Java primitive-type values and strings in a
machine-independent fashion, thereby enabling
you to write a data file on one machine and read it
on another machine that has a different operating
system or file structure.
 An application uses a data output stream to write
data that can later be read by a program using a
data input stream.

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 Using DataInputStream/DataOutputStream

 DataInputStream filters data from an input

stream into appropriate primitive-type
values or strings.
 DataOutputStream converts primitive-type
values or strings into bytes and outputs the
bytes to an output stream.
 They can be viewed working in a pipe line.

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Concept of pipe line

DataInputStream FileInputStream External File

int, double, string … 01000110011 …

DataOutputStream FileOutputStream External File

int, double, string … 01000110011 …

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 Order and Format
CAUTION: You have to read the data in the same order and same
format in which they are stored. For example, since names are written
in UTF using writeUTF, you must read names using readUTF.

Checking End of File

TIP: If you keep reading data at the end of a stream, an EOFException
would occur. So how do you check the end of a file? You can use
input.available() to check it. input.available() == 0 indicates that it is
the end of a file.

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public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
try (DataOutputStream output =
new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("test.dat"))) {
output.writeDouble(4.5);
output.writeDouble(43.25);
output.writeDouble(3.2);
}

try (DataInputStream input =

new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("test.dat"))) {
while (true)
System.out.println(input.readDouble());
}
}
catch (EOFException ex) {
System.out.println("All data were read");
}
catch (IOException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace(); DetectEndOfFile
}
}
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 BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream

 BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream can be used to

speed up input and output by reducing the number of disk
reads and writes.
 Using BufferedInputStream, the whole block of data on the
disk is read into the buffer in the memory once. The
individual data are then loaded to your program from the
buffer.
 Using BufferedOutputStream, the individual data are first
written to the buffer in the memory. When the buffer is full,
all data in the buffer are written to the disk once.

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 Tip
 You should always use buffered I/O to
speed up input and output.
 For small files, you may not notice
performance improvements.
 However, for large files (over 100MB), you
will see substantial improvements using
buffered I/O.

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BufferedInputStream/
BufferedOutputStream Using buffers to speed up
I/O
FileInputStream
DataInputStream
InputStream FilterInputStream
BufferedInputStream
ObjectInputStream
Object
FileOutputStream BufferedOutputStream

OutputStream FilterOutputStream DataOutputStream

ObjectOutputStream PrintStream

BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream does not contain new

methods. All the methods BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream are
inherited from the InputStream/OutputStream classes.
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 Constructing
BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream
// Create a BufferedInputStream
public BufferedInputStream(InputStream in)
public BufferedInputStream(InputStream in, int bufferSize)
 
// Create a BufferedOutputStream
public BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream out)
public BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream out, int bufferSize)

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 Case Studies: Copy File
This case study develops a program that copies files. The user needs
to provide a source file and a target file as command-line arguments
using the following command:

java Copy source target

 
The program copies a source file to a target file and displays the
number of bytes in the file. If the source does not exist, tell the user
the file is not found. If the target file already exists, tell the user the
file already exists.

Copy

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public class Copy {
/** Main method
@param args[0] for sourcefile
@param args[1] for target file
*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// Check command-line parameter usage
if (args.length != 2) {
System.out.println(
"Usage: java Copy sourceFile targetfile");
System.exit(1);
}

// Check if source file exists

File sourceFile = new File(args[0]);
if (!sourceFile.exists()) {
System.out.println("Source file " + args[0]
+ " does not exist");
System.exit(2);
}

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// Check if target file exists
File targetFile = new File(args[1]);
if (targetFile.exists()) {
System.out.println("Target file " + args[1]
+ " already exists");
System.exit(3);
}

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try (
// Create an input stream
BufferedInputStream input =
new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(sourceFile));

// Create an output stream

BufferedOutputStream output =
new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(targetFile));
){
// Continuously read a byte from input and write it to output
int r, numberOfBytesCopied = 0;
while ((r = input.read()) != -1) {
output.write((byte)r);
numberOfBytesCopied++;
}

// Display the file size

System.out.println(numberOfBytesCopied + " bytes copied");
}
}
} 36
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 Object I/O
DataInputStream/DataOutputStream enables you to perform I/O for
primitive type values and strings.
ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream enables you to perform I/O for
objects in addition for primitive type values and strings.

FileInputStream
DataInputStream
InputStream FilterInputStream
BufferedInputStream
ObjectInputStream
Object
FileOutputStream BufferedOutputStream

OutputStream FilterOutputStream DataOutputStream

ObjectOutputStream PrintStream

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 ObjectInputStream
ObjectInputStream extends InputStream and
implements ObjectInput and ObjectStreamConstants.

java.io.InputStream ObjectStreamConstants

java.io.DataInput

java.io.ObjectInputStream java.io.ObjectInput

+ObjectInputStream(in: InputStream) +readObject(): Object Reads an object.

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 ObjectOutputStream
ObjectOutputStream extends OutputStream and
implements ObjectOutput and ObjectStreamConstants.

java.io.OutputStream ObjectStreamConstants

java.io.DataOutput

java.io.ObjectOutputStream java.io.ObjectOutput

+ObjectOutputStream(out: OutputStream) +writeObject(o: Object): void Writes an object.

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 Using Object Streams
You may wrap an ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream on any
InputStream/OutputStream using the following constructors:

// Create an ObjectInputStream
public ObjectInputStream(InputStream in)
 
// Create an ObjectOutputStream
public ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream out)

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import java.io.*;

public class TestObjectOutputStream {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
try ( // Create an output stream for file object.dat
ObjectOutputStream output =
new ObjectOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("object.dat"));
){
// Write a string, double value, and object to the file
output.writeUTF("John");
output.writeDouble(85.5);
output.writeObject(new java.util.Date());
}
TestObjectOutputStream
}
}
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import java.io.*;

public class TestObjectInputStream {

public static void main(String[] args)
throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
try ( // Create an input stream for file object.dat
ObjectInputStream input =
new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("object.dat"));
){
// Read a string, double value, and object from the file
String name = input.readUTF();
double score = input.readDouble();
java.util.Date date = (java.util.Date)(input.readObject());
System.out.println(name + " " + score + " " + date);
}
}
} TestObjectInputStream

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 The Serializable Interface
Not all objects can be written to an output stream. Objects that can be
written to an object stream is said to be serializable. A serializable
object is an instance of the java.io.Serializable interface. So the class
of a serializable object must implement Serializable.

The Serializable interface is a marker interface. It has no methods, so

you don't need to add additional code in your class that implements
Serializable.

Implementing this interface enables the Java serialization mechanism

to automate the process of storing the objects and arrays.

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 The Serializable Interface
 Many classes in the Java API implement
Serializable.
 All the wrapper classes for primitive-type values,
BigInteger, BigDecimal, String, StringBuilder,
StringBuffer, Date, and ArrayList implement
Serializable.
 Attempting to store an object that does not support
the Serializable interface would cause a
NotSerializableException.

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 The transient Keyword
If an object is an instance of Serializable, but it contains
non-serializable instance data fields, can the object be
serialized? The answer is no. To enable the object to be
serialized, you can use the transient keyword to mark these
data fields to tell the JVM to ignore these fields when
writing the object to an object stream.

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 The transient Keyword
Consider the following class:
 
public class Foo implements java.io.Serializable {
private int v1;
private static double v2;
private transient A v3 = new A();
}
class A { } // A is not serializable
 
When an object of the Foo class is serialized, only variable v1 is
serialized. Variable v2 is not serialized because it is a static variable,
and variable v3 is not serialized because it is marked transient. If v3
were not marked transient, a java.io.NotSerializableException would
occur.

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 Duplicate Objects
 When an object is written for the first time, Java
virtual machine assigns a serial number to it. The
serial number and contents of objects are written
to the file.
 If the same object is written again, only the serial
number will be written.
 When the objects are read back, their references
are the same since only one object is actually
created in the memory.

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 Serializing Arrays

An array is serializable if all its elements are serializable.

So an entire array can be saved using writeObject into a file
and later restored using readObject. Here is an example that
stores an array of five int values and an array of three
strings, and reads them back to display on the console.

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import java.io.*;

public class TestObjectStreamForArray {

public static void main(String[] args)
throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
String[] strings = {"John", "Susan", "Kim"};

try ( // Create an output stream for file array.dat

ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("array.dat", true));
){
// Write arrays to the object output stream
output.writeObject(numbers);
output.writeObject(strings);
}
TestObjectStreamForArray

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try ( // Create an input stream for file array.dat
ObjectInputStream input =
new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("array.dat"));
){
int[] newNumbers = (int[])(input.readObject());
String[] newStrings = (String[])(input.readObject());

// Display arrays
for (int i = 0; i < newNumbers.length; i++)
System.out.print(newNumbers[i] + " ");
System.out.println();

for (int i = 0; i < newStrings.length; i++)

System.out.print(newStrings[i] + " ");
}
}
}

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 Random Access Files
All of the streams you have used so far are known as
read-only or write-only streams. The external files of
these streams are sequential files that cannot be updated
without creating a new file. It is often necessary to
modify files or to insert new records into files. Java
provides the RandomAccessFile class to allow a file to be
read from and write to at random locations.

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 RandomAccessFile

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 File Pointer
A random access file consists of a sequence of bytes. There is a
special marker called file pointer that is positioned at one of these
bytes. A read or write operation takes place at the location of the file
pointer. When a file is opened, the file pointer sets at the beginning of
the file. When you read or write data to the file, the file pointer moves
forward to the next data. For example, if you read an int value using
readInt(), the JVM reads four bytes from the file pointer and now the
file pointer is four bytes ahead of the previous location.

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 RandomAccessFile Methods
Many methods in RandomAccessFile are the same as
those in DataInputStream and DataOutputStream.
For example, readInt(), readLong(),
writeDouble(), readLine(), writeInt(), and
writeLong() can be used in data input stream or data
output stream as well as in RandomAccessFile
streams.

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 RandomAccessFile Methods
void seek(long pos) throws IOException;
Sets the offset from the beginning of the
RandomAccessFile stream to where the next read
or write occurs.

long getFilePointer() throws IOException;

Returns the current offset, in bytes, from the
beginning of the file to where the next read
or write occurs.

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 RandomAccessFile Methods
long length()throws IOException
Returns the length of the file.

final void writeChar(int v) throws

IOException
Writes a character to the file as a two-byte Unicode, with
the high byte written first.

final void writeChars(String s)

throws IOException
Writes a string to the file as a sequence of
characters.
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 RandomAccessFile Constructor
RandomAccessFile raf =
new RandomAccessFile("test.dat", "rw");
// allows read and write

RandomAccessFile raf =
new RandomAccessFile("test.dat",
"r"); // read only

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public class TestRandomAccessFile {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
try ( // Create a random access file
RandomAccessFile inout = new RandomAccessFile("inout.dat", "rw");
){
// Clear the file to destroy the old contents if exists
inout.setLength(0);

// Write new integers to the file

for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++)
inout.writeInt(i);

// Display the current length of the file

System.out.println("Current file length is " + inout.length());

// Retrieve the first number

inout.seek(0); // Move the file pointer to the beginning
System.out.println("The first number is " + inout.readInt());
TestRandomAccessFile
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 // Retrieve the second number
inout.seek(1 * 4); // Move the file pointer to the second number
System.out.println("The second number is " + inout.readInt());

// Retrieve the tenth number

inout.seek(9 * 4); // Move the file pointer to the tenth number
System.out.println("The tenth number is " + inout.readInt());

// Modify the eleventh number

inout.writeInt(555);

// Append a new number

inout.seek(inout.length()); // Move the file pointer to the end
inout.writeInt(999);

// Display the new length

System.out.println("The new length is " + inout.length());

// Retrieve the new eleventh number

inout.seek(10 * 4); // Move the file pointer to the eleventh number
System.out.println("The eleventh number is " + inout.readInt());
}
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 59