Applied Mathematics for Electrical Engineering

(AMEE)
GTU # 3130908

Unit-1
Roots of Non-linear
Equation

Prof. Daxa B. Jani

Humanities & Science Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
9727747320
 Bisection Method

Regula- Falsi Method

Numerical
methods Newton Raphson Method

Fixed Point Iteration Method

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 2

 Bisection Method
Procedure to use Bisection Method:
 Let be an equation.
  Find and such that and .
  Find , such that . Check .

  If then replace by . New interval will be .

  If then replace by . New interval will be .
  Repeat the same steps to find new value of till is equal or nearer to zero.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 3

 Method – 1 ---> Example - 1
Find the real root of equation by using this method correct up to three decimal
 

places.
Solution:
 Let .
 ⇒ f ( x ) =x 2 − 4 x −10
⇒
  f ( −1 )=¿ (−1)
  2
− 4(− 1)−10 ¿ −5< 0
⇒
  f ( −2 ) =¿(−2)
  2
− 4(− 2)−10 ¿ 2>0
 Therefore, root lies between .
 Then,

  (−1)+(−2)
¿   −1.5
¿
2
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 4
 Method – 1 ---> Example - 1
 f ( x )=x 2 −4 x −10

−1
    −2  − 1.5   −1.75< 0 −1.741
  −1.743
   −1.742  0.003>0
 −1.5  − 2  − 1.75  0.063>0 −1.741
  −1.742
   −1.742 −
 
 −1. 5  −1.75  −1.625  −0.859<0
  is the required root.
−1.625
  −1.75
   −1.688  −0.402<0

−1.688
  −1.75
   −1.719  −0.169<0

−1.719
  −1.75
   −1.735  −0.054 <0

−1.735
  −1.75
   −1.743  0.006> 0

−1.735
  −1.743
   −1.739  −0.020<0

−1.739
  −1.743
   −1.741  −0.005<0

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 5

 Method – 1 ---> Example - 4
Find the one root of correct up to two decimal places using bisection method. Use
 

and as initial.
Solution:
 Let

  f ( 1.5 )=¿  e 1.5 − 3(1.5)  ¿ −0.02<0

⇒ 1.5
  1.52
  1.51
    0
  f ( 1.52 ) =¿  e 1.52 −3 (1.52)  ¿ 0.01>0
⇒
  is the required root.
 Therefore, root lies between .
 Then,

  (1.5)+(1.52)
¿
2
¿ 1.51
 

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 6

 Method – 1 ---> Example - 7
Perform the five iterations of the bisection method to obtain a root of the equation .
 

Solution:
 Let

⇒
  f ( 0 )=¿cos
  0 −(0)e 0  ¿ 1>0 1    0   0.5  0.05>0
  f ( 1 ) =¿ cos 1 −(1) e1  ¿ −2.18<0
⇒  1  0.5  0.75  −0.86 <0

 Therefore, root lies between .  0.75  0.5  0.63  −0.36 <0

 Then,  0.63  0.5  0.57  −0.15< 0

 0.57  0.5  0.54  −0.05< 0

  (0)+(1)
¿   is
2 the required root.
 ¿ 0.5
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 7
 False Position Method OR Regula Falsi Method
Procedure to use False Position Method (Regula Falsi Method):
 Let be an equation.
  Find and such that and .
  Find , such that . Check .

  If then replace by . New interval will be .

  If then replace by . New interval will be .
  Repeat the same steps to find new value of till is equal or nearer to zero.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 8

 Method – 2 ---> Example - 1
Find the real root of the equation using Regula Falsi Method correct up to two
 

decimal places.
Solution:
 Let

  f ( 1 ) =¿  ( 1 ) 3 − 1− 1  ¿ −1<0
⇒
⇒
  f ( 1.5 )=¿ 
( 1.5 )3 −1.5 − 1 ¿ 0.88>0
 Therefore, root lies between .
 Then,

  1.5 − 1
¿ 1− ∙(−1)
0.88 − ( −1 )
 
¿1.27
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 9
 Method – 2 ---> Example - 1
 f ( x )=x 3 − x − 1

 1 1.5
    −1  0.88  1.27  −0.24 <0
 1.27 1.5
  −0.24
   0.88  1.32  −0.02<0

 1.32 1.5
   −0.02  0.88  1.32  −

  is the required root.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 10

 Method – 2 ---> Example - 5
Find the real root of using False Position Method correct up to four decimal places.
 

Solution:
 Let

  f ( 1 )=¿  cos 1 −3 ( 1 ) + 5  ¿ 2.5403>0

⇒
⇒
  f ( 2 ) =¿  cos 2 −3 ( 2 ) +5  ¿ −1.4161<0

 Therefore, root lies between .

 Then,

  1 −2
¿ 2− ∙(−1.4161)
2.5403−(−1.4161)
¿  1.6387
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 11
 Method – 2 ---> Example - 5
f ( x )=cos x −3 x+5
 

2   1 −1.4161
  2.5403
  1.6421
   0.0026> 0
  2 1.6421
  −1.4161
  0.0026
  1.6427
   −0.0001<0

1.6427
  1.6421
  −0.0001
  0.0026
  1.6427
   −

  is the required root.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 12

 Newton Raphson Method
Procedure to use Newton Raphson Method (N-R Method):
 Let be an equation.
  Find and such that and .
  Take when OR when .
  Find such that , ; where .

  Repeat the steps to find new value of till is equal or nearer to zero.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 13

 Method – 4 ---> Example - 4
Find the positive root of correct up to three decimal places by N-R method.
 

Solution:   f ( x0)
x1 = x 0 − ′
 Let f ( x0)
 ⇒ f ′ ( x ) =1+ sin x
  f ( 0 ) =¿ 0 −cos0  ¿ −1<0
⇒
 
x1 =1− ¿ ¿¿ 0.750  

  f ( 1 )=¿  1− cos 1 ¿ 0.46>0

⇒
 Therefore, root lies between . 0   0.750
 
  1  0.737
 Let,
  2  0.739
By N-R Method,   3  0.739
  f ( xn)
x n+1= x n − , n=0,1,2,3 , …   is the required root.
′
f ( xn )

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 14

 Method – 4 ---> Example - 7
Find a root of correct up to three decimal places between and by N-R method.
 

Solution:   4 3
[ ( −1 ) − (− 1 ) +10 (− 1 )+ 7]
x1 =−1 − 3 2
 Let 4 ( −1 ) −3 ( −1 ) +10
 ⇒ f ′ ( x )=4 x 3 − 3 x 2 +10  
¿−0.667
 Here, root lies between .
 Let,  0 −0.667
 

By N-R Method,
  1 −0.777
 

  2 −0.787
 
  f ( xn)
x n+1= x n − , n=0,1,2,3 , …
′
f ( xn )   3 −0.787
 

  f ( x0)   is the required root.

x1 = x 0 − ′
f ( x0 )
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 15
  Formula for root by N-R Method
 
Procedure to find root by N-R Method:
 Let, , where and N is an natural number.

 ⇒ x q − N =0
 ⇒ f ( x ) =x q − N

 ⇒ f ′ ( x )=q x q −1

By the general formula we get,

  1 N
[
x n+1= ( q −1 ) xn + q −1
q xn ]
 Where,

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 16

  Formula for by N-R Method
 
Procedure to find root by N-R Method:
 Let, , where N is an natural number.   2 x 2n − x2n+ N
¿
 ⇒ x 2 − N =0 2 xn
 ⇒ f ( x ) =x 2 − N
  x 2n + N
 ⇒ f ′ ( x ) =2 x ¿
2 xn
By N-R formula,   1 N
 
x n+1= x n −
f ( xn)
′
f ( xn)
¿
2 (
xn +
xn )
 Where,
  x 2n − N
⇒ x n+1 = xn −
2 xn

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 17

  Formula for by N-R Method
 
Procedure to find root by N-R Method:
 Let, , where N is an natural number.   1

  1 ⇒ x n+1 =x −
( xn
−N )
n
⇒ − N =0 −
1
x 2
xn
  1
⇒ f ( x) = − N   1
x
  ′
⇒ f ( x )= −
1
¿ x n+
xn ( 2
− N xn
)
2
x  ¿ x n+ x n − N x 2n
By N-R formula  ¿ 2 x 2
n − N x n
  f ( xn)
x n+1= x n − ′  ¿ x n (2− N x n)
f ( xn)
 Where,

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 18

 Method – 4 ---> Example - 12
Find the correct up to three decimal places by using N-R Method.
 

Solution:   1 10
 Let x1 =
2
x0+
x0( )
 ⇒ x 2 − 10=0   1 10
 ⇒ f ( x ) =x 2 −10 x n=
2 3 (
3+  ¿ 3.167 )
 ⇒ f ′ ( x ) =2 x

 Let,
0   3.167
By N-R Method,   1  3.162

  2  3.162
  1 N
x n+1= xn +
2 (
xn
,n=0,1,2,3 , …)   is the square root.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 19

 Method – 4 ---> Example - 14
Derive an iterative formula for finding cube root of any positive number using Newton
 

Raphson method and hence find approximate value of

Solution:
  3 x 3n − x3n+ N
 Let, , where N is an natural number. ¿ 2
3
3 xn
  ⇒ x − N =0
 ⇒ f ( x ) =x 3 − N
  2 x 3n + N
¿ 2
 ⇒ f ′ ( x )=3 x 2
3 xn
  1 N
By N-R formula
  f ( xn )
¿
3 (
2 x n+ 2
xn )
x n+1= x n −
f ′ ( xn )  Where,

  x 3n − N
⇒ x n+1 = xn − 2
3 xn
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 20
 Method – 4 ---> Example - 7
 Let
  1 58
  3
⇒ x − 58=0
x1 =
3 [
2 ( 4 )+
( 4 )2 ]
 f ( x ) =x 3 −58
¿ 3.88
 

 Let,

By N-R Method, 0    3.88

  1  3.87
  1 N
(
x n+1= 2 x n + 2 , n=0,1,2,3 , …
3 xn )   is
  2  3.87

the cube root.

  1 58
[
x1 = 2 x0 + 2
3 x0 ]
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 21
 Method – 4 ---> Example - 17
Find using an iterative formula to find by N-R method.
 

Solution:  ⇒ x
1 =x 0 ( 2− N x 0 )
 Let, , where N is an natural number.  Here,
  1  Let,
⇒ 3=
x
  1  Now,
⇒ −3=0
x  
  1
⇒ f ( x) = − 3
x  

By N-R formula,
  where

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 22

 Method – 4 ---> Example - 17

0
   0.25
  1  0.313

  2  0.332

  3  0.333
 4  0.333

  is the required value.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 23

 Iteration Method OR Successive Approximation Method
Procedure to use Iteration Method (Successive Approximation Method):
 To find the root rewrite in the form .
  Check for all in .
  Let , then,
 

  Proceeding in this way

 

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 24

 Method – 5 ---> Example - 3
 
Find possible roots of equation by iteration method correct up to four decimal
places.
Solution:   1  
 Let, ⇒ x= ¿ ϕ(x )
√ x+1
f  ( 0 )=¿  03 +02 −1  ¿ −1  ¿ 0  Now,

f ( 1 ) =¿
  ¿ 1 ¿ 0
 ( 1 ) 3 + ( 1 ) 2 − 1 
  in
 Therefore, root lies between .
Therefore, we can apply Iteration method
  3 2
x + x − 1=0
 x =ϕ( x n)
 ⇒ x 2 ( x+1)  −1 ¿ 0   n+1

 x
1  
2 1   1 =ϕ( x 0 )¿
⇒ x =¿ x +1
  √ x 0 +1
Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 25
 Method – 5 ---> Example - 3
 Let,

0   0.8165
 
  1 0.7420
 

  2 0.7577
 

  3 0.7543
 
 4 0.7550
 
  5 0.7548
 
  6 0.7549
 

  7 0.7549
 

  is the required root.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 26

 Method – 5 ---> Example - 4
Using method of successive approximation solve the equation correct up to four
 

decimal places.
Solution:   ′ 1
 Let,
ϕ ( x) = | 2 x log e 10 |
f  ( 2 ) =¿  2 ( 2 ) − log 10 2 −7¿−3.3010
   ¿ 0   in

f  ( 4 ) =¿  2 ( 4 ) − log 10 4 −7¿  0.3979  ¿ 0 Therefore, we can apply Iteration method

 Therefore, root lies between .  x =ϕ( x n)
n+1
2 x − log10 x −7=0
 
 x =ϕ( x 0 )
1
⇒2
  x  ¿ log 10 x +7  1
¿ ( log 10 x 0 ) +7
 1 2
⇒ x=¿ 2 ( log10 x+7)¿  ϕ(x )
 

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 27

 Method – 5 ---> Example - 4
 Let,

0   3.6505
 
  1 3.7812
 

  2 3.7888
 

  3 3.7893
 
 4 3.7893
 

  is the required root.

Prof. Daxa B. Jani #3130908 (AMEE)  Unit 1 – Roots of Non-Linear Equation 28